Stevedore operations, American Expeditionary Forces

Stevedore operations were established by the United States Army to provide movement of supplies through ports in support of the American Expeditionary Forces during World War I. The first American stevedores in France were civilians. Stevedores were originally organized into regiments, and were among the first troops sent to France. Three regiments and two separate battalions were deployed, and were later reorganized into separate battalions and transferred from the Army Service Corps to the Transportation Corps. The battalions were inactivated in France and the troops were assigned to companies without a branch affiliation for their return to the U.S.

Stevedore operations
Part of Services of Supply (S.O.S.)
SOS shoulder insignia
Operational scopeBase sections, S.O.S.
Planned byQuartermaster Corps
Commanded byServices of Supply
DateNovember 1917

Organization

Stevedore operation began with a group of nearly 500 civilian stevedores known as the transport workers battalion. This group was found to be less than well qualified because most were laborers from cotton plantations in the American South, rather than being stevedores with experience handling cargo.[1]:55[2]:435 Stevedore regiments were organized by the Stevedore and Labor Branch, Administrative Division, Quartermaster Corps, originally managed by Colonel William G. Austin and later by Colonel Carey E. Goodwyn. The 301st, 302nd and 303rd regiments were described by Henry Granville Sharpe as each having an authorized strength of 127 Officers, 858 Enlisted Men (White), and 6121 Enlisted Men (Colored).[3] Conversely, Robert J. Dalessandro, Gerald Torrence, and Michael G. Knapp wrote "A stevedore regiment had an aggregate strength of 2,498. It consisted of a regimental headquarters, headquarters and supply company, two battalions, and a medical detachment. Each battalion consisted of four companies; each company consisted of 253 soldiers (three officers and 250 enlisted men)."[4] Cadre for the regiments was drawn from the Regular Army.[5][6]

The Army advertised for Colored men to enlist as stevedores. Married men who agreed to support their families and who were otherwise qualified were acceptable. Recruits were to be sent to Newport News, Virginia without benefit of being issued uniforms.[7] Many African Americans applied to join the Army on the front lines but were often turned away, as positions in black fighting regiments were limited and in the regular army[8] only cooks and bakers with credentials were accepted, while only chauffeurs and automobile men were accepted in the medical department or quartermaster's corps, making stevedore positions desirable.[9] By June 1918, the Army was seeking White men for the stevedore service. Men "accustomed to handling colored labor" were preferred; potential enlistees were required to present a letter of acceptance from the commander of the stevedore regiment to enlist.[10] The Army Medical Department subsequently observed that the quality of the recruits was below standard. "Few had had much education, and as a group they were regarded as 'ignorant negroes of the poorest class, both physically and mentally.' They were in questionable health from the outset, no physical examinations having been administered at mobilization camps to weed out those who were ill or in any other way unfit for service."[11] New troops often reported without warning, wearing little more than rags because they had been incorrectly told the Army would issue uniforms when they arrived.[11] Stevedores were described in December 1917 as wearing a variety of uniforms from different branches of the Army or, in some cases, blue dungaree suits and as being unarmed.[12]

By December 14, 1917, there were five stevedore regiments operating at Newport News, Virginia. The stevedores were described as being "happy as larks."[12] The presence of the African American stevedore regiments in Newport News led to the construction of a YMCA at Camp Hill for the use of African-American soldiers in the winter of 1918.[13] There were problems integrating the Colored stevedores into the Army. In early March 1918, approximately 300 troops of an unidentified stevedore regiment rioted and attempted to wreck a store north of Newport News, Virginia. The riot followed an argument between a Colored soldier and a White clerk at a soda fountain. Troops of an infantry regiment were ordered to arrest the stevedores, who ran and failed to halt when so ordered. The infantrymen fired and hit three stevedores; one died at the scene and another's wounds were probably fatal.[14]

After stevedores had deployed to France, they were unsuited for the work because they had substandard clothing and had been poorly fed and had had poor medical care; these conditions required remediation before the men could work.[2]:435 Stevedores were used in some cases in the interior instead of at ports. There was some indecision about assigning them to the Army Service Corps, which was labor oriented, or to the Transportation Corps, which was oriented toward moving equipment. There were serious disagreements about administration, funding, discipline, allocation of supplies, and allocation of promotions. The Transportation Corps won the argument and the stevedores, along with railway units were transferred out of the Army Service Corps.[2]:174

Units

Stevedores were originally organized into regiments. This was found to lack flexibility because of varying demands at ports and they were reorganized into battalions.[2]:174 Individual companies had and authorized strength of 200 men until the spring of 1918 when they were reorganized to a strength of six officers and 250 men; the reorganization provided for enough non-commissioned officers and White enlisted men to provide supervision for the Colored soldiers.[2]:170

301st Stevedore Regiment

The 301st Stevedore Regiment (Quartermaster Corps) was organized at Camp Hill, Virginia in September 1917. In October 1917 the regiment moved to the port of Embarkation in Hoboken, New Jersey.[15]:1516 The 301st Stevedore Regiment was transferred to the Transportation Corps in September 1918.[15]:1516

In October 1918, A Company of the 301st was cited by Rear Admiral Wilson and General McClure for setting a record by unloading and coaling the SS Leviathan in 56 hours.[16]

302nd Stevedore Regiment

The 302nd Stevedore Regiment (Quartermaster Corps) was organized at Camp Hill, Virginia in October 1917.[15]:1516 Colonel W. G. Austin was assigned to command the regiment.[17] In December 1917 the regiment moved to the port of Embarkation in Hoboken, New Jersey.[15]:1516 The 302nd Stevedore Regiment was transferred to the Transportation Corps in September 1918.[15]:1516

303rd Stevedore Regiment

The 303rd Stevedore Regiment (Quartermaster Corps) was organized at Camp Hill, Virginia in October 1917.[15]:1516 Colonel C. E. Goodwin was placed in command of the regiment.[17] In December 1917 the regiment moved to the port of Embarkation in Hoboken, New Jersey.[15]:1516 The 303rd Stevedore Regiment was transferred to the Transportation Corps in September 1918.[15]:1516

304th Stevedore Regiment

The 304th Stevedore Regiment ( also known as the 304th Training Regiment) was organized at Camp Hill, Virginia in October 1917.[15]:1516 The regiment had an authorized strength of 59 Officers, 286 Enlisted Men (White), and 2469 Enlisted Men (Colored).[3] Colonel M. J. O'Leary was assigned as commander of the 304th.[17] The regiment was demobilized in February 1918 at Camp Hill.[15]:1516

305th Reserve Stevedore Regiment

The 305th Reserve Stevedore Regiment, Newport News, Virginia, had an authorized strength of 76 officers, 3556 Enlisted Men (White), and no Enlisted Men (Colored).[3][18] In January 1918, Colonel Charles L. Dulin was ordered to assume command of the 305th.[19]

Stevedore battalions
  • 701st Engineer Battalion (Stevedores) was organized at Camp Alexander, Virginia in September 1918 and moved to the port of embarkation at Newport News, Virginia in October 1918. It was converted to a Transportation Corps unit in December 1918.[15]:1355
  • 702nd Engineer Battalion (Stevedores) was organized at Camp Alexander, Virginia in October 1918 and moved to the port of embarkation at Newport News, Virginia in November 1918. It was converted to a Transportation Corps unit in December 1918.[15]:1355
  • A provision existed for the 1st through 800th Stevedore Battalions, but these units were not organized.[15]:1551
  • The 801st through the 815th Stevedore Battalions (Transportation Corps) were organized from the 301st through the 303rd Stevedore Regiments (Date of authorization: September 16, 1918). Which regiments were sources of which battalions varies by reference.[15]:1551–1552[20]:44, 47–49

Other units
  • Service Battalion Number 336 was organized at Camp Hill, Virginia in May 1918. It departed to the port of embarkation at Newport News, Virginia in June 1918, arriving in France the same month. It was absorbed into the 301st Stevedore Battalion (sic) in August 1918.[15]:1505
  • Service Battalion Number 337 was organized at Camp Hill, Virginia in May 1918. It departed to the port of embarkation at Newport News, Virginia in June 1918, arriving in France the same month. It was absorbed into the 301st Stevedore Battalion (sic) in July 1918.[15]:1505

Operations
See also: Services of Supply, American Expeditionary Forces § Sections
Sections of the SOS in France

Stevedores unloaded supplies at American port facilities established in Brest, St. Nazaire, Bordeaux, Havre, and Marseilles (all in France).[21] "Negro" stevedores were praised for the speed with which they offloaded troops and supplies.[22]

gollark: Some hardships are really awful and do not give you much feeling of reward for overcoming it. Some you *can't* really overcome (with current technology) e.g. terminal cancer.
gollark: Yes, there is not *actually* any enforced symmetry like this.
gollark: Like how people are mortal and thus decide that death is obviously good because [OBVIOUS RATIONALIZATION] and not evil.
gollark: I mean the generalized thing where once you are in a situation you probably can't escape from you *may* just trick yourself into thinking the situation is cool and good.
gollark: That sounds like cognitive dissonance/weird generalized Stockholm syndrome or something.

References
  1. Parsons, William Barclay (1920). The American Engineers in France. New York and London: D. Appleton and Company. Retrieved 25 January 2018.
  2. Wilgus, William J. (1931). Transporting the A. E. F. in western Europe, 1917-1919. New York: Columbia university press. Retrieved 26 January 2018.
  3. Sharpe, Henry Granville (1921). The Quartermaster Corps in the Year 1917 in the World War. New York: The Century Company. p. 65. Retrieved 23 July 2017.
  4. Dalessandro, Robert J.; Torrence, Gerald; Knapp, Michael G. (2009). Willing Patriots: Men of Color in the First World War. Atglen, PA: Schiffer Military History. p. 47. ISBN 9780764332333. Retrieved 16 January 2018.
  5. "Capt. Sharp is Sent to States". Honolulu Star-Bulletin. 6 September 1917. p. 10. Retrieved January 17, 2018 – via Newspapers.com.
  6. "New Stevedore Regiment Draws Negroes from Border". El Paso Herald. 10 Sep 1917. p. 2. Retrieved January 17, 2018 – via Newspapers.com.
  7. "Colored Men Are Wanted for Enlistment in Stevedore Regiments". Fort Wayne Weekly Sentinel. 19 September 1917. p. 1. Retrieved July 21, 2014 – via Newspapers.com.
  8. 13 Stevedores Enlisted, The Baltimore Sun (Baltimore, Maryland) 4 Sep 1917, page 14, accessed on Newspapers.com
  9. Recruits May Have Choice, News-Press (Fort Myers, Florida) 25 Sep 1917, page 1, accessed on Newspapers.com
  10. "White Men Wanted for U.S.A. Stevedore Service". The Wilmington Morning Star. 15 June 1918. p. 3. Retrieved July 21, 2014 – via Newspapers.com.
  11. Gillett, Mary C. (2009). The Army Medical Department, 1917–1941 (PDF). Washington, DC: Center of Military History, United States Army. pp. 198–200. ISBN 9780160867200. Retrieved 17 January 2018.
  12. "Norfolk Busy Spot Just Now". The Scranton Republican. December 15, 1917. p. 4. Retrieved January 18, 2018 – via Newspapers.com.
  13. Negro Y Building at Stevedore Camp, Daily Press (Newport News, Virginia) 20 Feb 1918, page 2, accessed on Newspapers.com
  14. "Rioting Soldiers Shot". The Baltimore Sun. 3 March 1918. p. 1. Retrieved January 17, 2018 – via Newspapers.com.
  15. Order of Battle of the United States Land Forces in the World War, Zone of the Interior: Directory of Troops, Volume 3, Part 3 (PDF). Center of Military History, United States Army. Retrieved 29 August 2017.
  16. "Company A, 301st Stevedore Regiment Cited". Cayton's Weekly. October 19, 1918. p. 9. Retrieved January 16, 2018 – via Newspapers.com.
  17. "Stevedore Regiment Commands". The Atlanta Constitution. 16 Dec 1917. p. 15. Retrieved January 17, 2018 – via Newspapers.com.
  18. "Medical Reserve Corps". Army-Navy-Air Force Register and Defense Times. February 9, 1918. p. 180. Retrieved 8 September 2017. Maj. Nathan Winslow to Newport News, Va. for duty with 305th stevedore regiment.
  19. "Ordered to Newport News". Evening Star. 31 January 1918. p. 14. Retrieved July 21, 2014 – via Newspapers.com.
  20. Annual Report of the Chief of Engineers, United States Army, Part 1. Government Printing Office. 1919. Retrieved 23 July 2017.
  21. Scott, Emmett J. (1919). "The Negro in the Service of Supply". Scott's Official History of the American Negro in the World War. Retrieved 23 July 2017.
  22. "French Port Sees Yankees Work Miracles". Akron Evening Times. 3 September 1918. p. 14. Retrieved January 17, 2018 – via Newspapers.com.
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