Sternarchorhynchus

Sternarchorhynchus is a genus of ghost knifefishes with a long, decurved snout that are found in river basins in tropical South America.[1]

Sternarchorhynchus
Sternarchorhynchus retzeri, conventional and X-ray images
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Chordata
Class:
Actinopterygii
Order:
Gymnotiformes
Family:
Apteronotidae
Genus:
Sternarchorhynchus

Castelnau, 1855

Distribution, habitat and conservation

Of the 32 recognized species, more than ​2⁄3 are restricted to the Amazon basin (including the Tocantins system) in Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador and Peru, 7 species are found in river basins flowing into the Gulf of Paria in Colombia and Venezuela (mostly Orinoco system, but S. mendesi in Guanipa and San Juan), S. freemani is from the Essequibo basin in Guyana, S. galibi is from the Maroni basin in French Guiana and Suriname, and S. britskii is from the upper Paraná basin in Brazil.[2][3] There are records of Sternarchorhynchus from the Oyapock on the French Guiana–Brazil border, but their validity and taxonomic position is unclear.[2] Most species have relatively small ranges, but a few are more widespread. S. mormyrus of the Amazon and Orinoco basins is the only that occurs in more than one major river system.[2]

The habitat varies depending on species, but they require well-oxygenated waters.[2] They have been recorded in whitewater (like the Amazon River), blackwater (like Tefé River) and clearwater (like the Xingu River). Some species have been found in small streams, less than 0.5 m (1.6 ft) deep, while others inhabit the main stream of major rivers.[2] S. mesensis is known from both above-ground and below-ground habitats, but lacks the cavefish adaptions seen in the only true cave knifefish, Eigenmannia vicentespelaea. Some change habitat with age; adult S. cramptoni and S. mormyrus live in main river channels, but their young are found near the river shore in várzea.[2]

Nine species, all with small ranges in Brazil and most restricted to fast-flowing waters including rapids, are considered threatened by Brazil's Ministry of the Environment.[4][5] The current conservation status of S. gnomus is unclear, as the only known locality in Venezuela's lower Caroní basin has been flooded by a dam.[2]

Appearance and behavior

They have a relatively long, downwards-pointed and tube-like snout. The adult males of some species have distinct teeth on the outside of the lower jaw, likely used in confrontations with other males.[1] The largest species reach up to 60 cm (2 ft) in total length, but most are less than half that size and the smallest only reach about 15 cm (1⁄2 ft).[1][6] Several species are only known from museum specimens and consequently their living colors are unknown. Where known, the species are generally medium to dark brownish or grayish. They are often darker on the upper part than the lower and some have a pale line on the top of the head, but otherwise they are quite uniformly colored without conspicuous patters. However, at least one species, S. cramptoni, is overall whitish-pink, similar to some other knifefish like Compsaraia and Orthosternarchus that inhabit deep, dark rivers.[2]

Very little is known about their behavior, but limited aquarium observations indicate that at least S. goeldii is nocturnal.[2] They feed on invertebrates.[1]

Species
Sternarchorhynchus in an aquarium

There are currently 32 described species in this genus.[6] Additionally, a few undescribed species are known.[2]

  • Sternarchorhynchus axelrodi de Santana & Vari, 2010 (Axelrod's tube-snouted ghost knifefish)
  • Sternarchorhynchus britskii Campos-da-Paz, 2000 (Britski's tube-snouted ghost knifefish)
  • Sternarchorhynchus caboclo de Santana & Nogueira, 2006 (Cabocolo tube-snouted ghost knifefish )
  • Sternarchorhynchus chaoi de Santana & Vari, 2010 (Chao's tube-snouted ghost knifefish)
  • Sternarchorhynchus cramptoni de Santana & Vari, 2010 (Crampton's tube-snouted ghost knifefish)
  • Sternarchorhynchus curumim de Santana & Crampton, 2006 (Curumim tube-snouted ghost knifefish)
  • Sternarchorhynchus curvirostris (Boulenger, 1887)
  • Sternarchorhynchus freemani de Santana & Vari, 2010 (Freeman's tube-snouted ghost knifefish)
  • Sternarchorhynchus galibi de Santana & Vari, 2010 (Galibi tube-snouted ghost knifefish)
  • Sternarchorhynchus gnomus de Santana & Taphorn, 2006 (Gnomus tube-snouted ghost knifefish)
  • Sternarchorhynchus goeldii de Santana & Vari, 2010 (Goeldi's tube-snouted ghost knifefish)
  • Sternarchorhynchus hagedornae de Santana & Vari, 2010 (Hagedorn's tube-snouted ghost knifefish)
  • Sternarchorhynchus higuchii de Santana & Vari, 2010 (Higuchi's tube-snouted ghost knifefish)
  • Sternarchorhynchus inpai de Santana & Vari, 2010 (Inpa tube-snouted ghost knifefish)
  • Sternarchorhynchus jaimei de Santana & Vari, 2010 (Jamei's tube-snouted ghost knifefish)
  • Sternarchorhynchus kokraimoro de Santana & Vari, 2010 (Kokraimoro tube-snouted ghost knifefish)
  • Sternarchorhynchus mareikeae de Santana & Vari, 2010 (Mareike's tube-snouted ghost knifefish)
  • Sternarchorhynchus marreroi de Santana & Vari, 2010 (Marrero's tube-snouted ghost knifefish)
  • Sternarchorhynchus mendesi de Santana & Vari, 2010 (Mendes’ tube-snouted ghost knifefish)
  • Sternarchorhynchus mesensis Campos-da-Paz, 2000 (Mesensis tube-snouted ghost knifefish)
  • Sternarchorhynchus montanus de Santana & Vari, 2010 (Montane tube-snouted ghost knifefish )
  • Sternarchorhynchus mormyrus (Steindachner, 1868)
  • Sternarchorhynchus oxyrhynchus (J. P. Müller & Troschel, 1849)
  • Sternarchorhynchus retzeri de Santana & Vari, 2010 (Retzer's tube-snouted ghost knifefish)
  • Sternarchorhynchus roseni Mago-Leccia, 1994 (Rosen's tube-snouted ghost knifefish)
  • Sternarchorhynchus schwassmanni de Santana & Vari, 2010
  • Sternarchorhynchus severii de Santana & Nogueira, 2006 (Severi's tube-snouted ghost knifefish)
  • Sternarchorhynchus starksi de Santana & Vari, 2010 (Stark's tube-snouted ghost knifefish)
  • Sternarchorhynchus stewarti de Santana & Vari, 2010 (Stewart's tube-snouted ghost knifefish)
  • Sternarchorhynchus taphorni de Santana & Vari, 2010 (Taphorn's tube-snouted ghost knifefish)
  • Sternarchorhynchus villasboasi de Santana & Vari, 2010 (Villasboas’ tube-snouted ghost knifefish)
  • Sternarchorhynchus yepezi de Santana & Vari, 2010 (Yepez’ tube-snouted ghost knifefish)
gollark: You haven't really described any. And ignored me asking how I could conveniently test this personally as you claimed/implied.
gollark: "Some phenomeon exists" != "some phenomenon exists in whatever context you're on about"
gollark: Some sort of convoluted new model of the universe based on electricity or something does *not* do that.
gollark: Are you aware of the "correspondence principle"? It basically just means that your new theory has to match with all the previously found empirical evidence for other theories.
gollark: I don't think you understand what I'm asking here.

References
  1. van der Sleen, P.; J.S. Albert, eds. (2017). Field Guide to the Fishes of the Amazon, Orinoco, and Guianas. Princeton University Press. p. 330. ISBN 978-0691170749.
  2. de Santana, C. D. and R.P. Vari (2010). Electric fishes of the genus Sternarchorhynchus (Teleostei, Ostariophysi, Gymnotiformes); phylogenetic and revisionary studies. Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 159: 223-371.
  3. Carlos DoNascimiento, Edgar Esteban Herrera-Collazos, Guido A. Herrera-R., Armando Ortega-Lara, Francisco A. Villa-Navarro, José Saulo Usma Oviedo, Javier A. Maldonado-Ocampo (2017). Checklist of the freshwater fishes of Colombia: a Darwin Core alternative to the updating problem. ZooKeys 708: 25–138.
  4. ICMBio (Ministry of the Environment, Brazil): Portaria MMA nº 445, de 17 de dezembro de 2014. Lista de Especies Ameaçadas - Saiba Mais. Retrieved 1 December 2018.
  5. Frederico, R.G.; J.D. Olden; J. Zuanon (2016). Climate change sensitivity of threatened, and largely unprotected, Amazonian fishes: Climate change in Amazonian fishes. Aquatic Conserv: Mar. Freshw. Ecosyst. 26: 91–102.
  6. Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2017). Species of Sternarchorhynchus in FishBase. October 2017 version.
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