Stance (linguistics)

In linguistics, stance is the way in which speakers position themselves in relation to the ongoing interaction, in terms of evaluation, intentionality, epistemology or social relations. When a speaker describes an object in a way that expresses their attitude or relation to the object, the speaker is taking a stance. Stancetaking is viewed as a social action that shares the speaker's view of an object with their audience, sometimes inviting listeners to take their own stance as well.[1]

Different authors have used the concept of stance to refer to the interpretive framework that is at play in an interaction such as irony, or role-playing. Others have used the concept of authorial stance to describe the way in which authors position themselves relative to their own texts, and another group have used the concept of interpersonal stance to describe the way the communicative goals of individual participants shape a communicative interaction. Others have drawn on Daniel Dennett's concept of the intentional stance to describe the way humans tend to impute intentions and mental states to those with whom they engage in communication.[2][3]

Uses

Value

Stance can be used to attribute personal value to an object by way of describing how the speaker feels about it.[1] This does not require the speaker to have explicitly said that they are taking a stance. In some cases, stance is only implied through context, and may not even require multiple words.

Sample Conversation:
Speaker Quote Stance
A I like popsicles. I like popsicles.
B Me too. I like popsicles.
C Ew! I do not like popsicles.

In this example, each speaker takes a stance with the words that they say, but only Speaker A explicitly demonstrates their stance. Speaker B's stance is implied through the context of Speaker A's quote. When examined by itself, "me too" does not convey Speaker B's stance nor what they are talking about. Speaker C only uses the interjection "ew!" to express disgust, but their stance is still implied given the context.[4]

Positioning

Speakers can use stance to define their relation to an object without having to assign it value.

Sample Conversation:
Speaker Quote Stance
A It says here that cheetahs are the fastest land mammal. (none)
B Yeah, I know. I know that cheetahs are the fastest land mammal.
C Oh, really? I do not know that cheetahs are the fastest land mammal.

In the above case, the speakers do not make known their opinions about the topic. However, Speakers B and C are still taking a stance because they present information that shows their relation to the object.[4]

gollark: It has a Pentium 3 and some Radeon GPU circa 2003.
gollark: I'm sure its amazing processor would hash MANY hashes.
gollark: Done!
gollark: Imagining...
gollark: This is part of the universe, by good™ definitions.

See also

References
  1. Du Bois, John W. (2007). Stancetaking in Discourse. Amsterdam: Benjamins. pp. 139–141. ISBN 9789027254085.
  2. Kockelman 2005, p. 129.
  3. Jaffe 2009.
  4. Du Bois, 143-150
  • Kockelman, Paul (2004). "Stance and subjectivity". Journal of Linguistic Anthropology. 14 (2): 127–150.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Englebretson, Robert, ed. Stancetaking in discourse: Subjectivity, evaluation, interaction. Vol. 164. John Benjamins Publishing, 2007.
  • Beach, Richard, and Chris M. Anson. "Stance and intertextuality in written discourse." Linguistics and Education 4, no. 3 (1992): 335-357.
  • Jaffe, Alexandra, ed. (2009). Stance: sociolinguistic perspectives. Oxford University Press.CS1 maint: extra text: authors list (link) CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Mushin, Ilana. 2001 Evidentiality and Epistemological Stance: Narrative Retelling. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
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