Goodeidae

Goodeidae is a family of teleost fish endemic to Mexico and some areas of the United States. Many species are known as splitfins. This family contains about 50 species within 18 genera.[2][3] The family is named after ichthyologist George Brown Goode (1851-1896).[4]

Splitfins
Redtail splitfin, Xenotoca eiseni
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
(unranked): Ovalentaria
Order: Cyprinodontiformes
Suborder: Cyprinodontoidei
Family: Goodeidae
Jordan & Gilbert 1883[1]
Subfamilies

Empetrichthyinae
Goodeinae
See text for genera and species.

Distribution

The family is divided into two subfamilies, the Goodeinae and the Empetrichthyinae. The Goodeinae are endemic to shallow freshwater habitats in Mexico, particularly along the Mesa Central area (especially the Lerma River basin, smaller rivers directly south of it and inland to around the Valley of Mexico region), with some species found in brackish fringes at the Pacific coast, and north to central Durango, central Sinaloa and north San Luis Potosí. There are about 45 species of Goodeinae in 16 genera (some list 2 additional genera). The Empetrichthyinae are found in the southwestern Great Basin in Nevada, the United States, and contains 4 species in 2 genera.[5]

Physical information

The name "splitfin" comes from the fact that, in the male fish, the anterior rays of the anal fin are partly separated from rest of the fin. Splitfins can be up to 20 cm (8 in) in length, though most species are much smaller, around 5 cm (2 in). Goodeid fish have internal fertilisation, with males positioning themselves with a flexible part of the front anal fin, separated by a notch, which makes up the andropodium. Embryos hatch out of the egg within the ovarian follicle, and possess trophotaeniae, ribbon-like structures that emerge from the cloaca in front of the anal fin, on the ventral surface of the juvenile. These allow the absorption of nutrients within the ovary (matrotrophy), and are shed by juveniles shortly after birth. Female goodeids do not store sperm, and so a copulation event must precede each pregnancy.[6]

Conservation status

In recent years there has been a significant reduction in the range and size of Goodeid populations in this region, mainly due to anthropogenic disturbances, such as pollution, eutrophication, habitat modification and desiccation; recent estimates put habitat loss at 80% compared to historic ranges.[7] The low economic importance of Goodeid fish to Mexican fisheries and industry has led to this family being largely ignored by conservation efforts, but their small size and the dedication of a small number of aquaria hobbyists has led to a recent increase in the amount of research dedicated to the family. These investigations have highlighted the implications for conservation efforts concerning other global freshwater ichthyofauna.

Several species are threatened or extinct according to the IUCN[8] and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service[9]

Life cycle and evolution

The majority of Goodeid fish are viviparous, typically giving birth to live young. The family includes a number of popular aquarium fish, for example the redtail splitfin Xenotoca eiseni. Recent phylogenetic studies have put the age of this family at approximately 16.5 million years, with the majority of divergence occurring in the Miocene period. The speciosity of this family can be attributed to historical volcanic and geological disturbance in this region, which created suitable conditions for allopatric speciation of the fish.[3]

Genera

The following genera are included in Goodeidae:[2]

Subfamily Empetrichthyinae – springfishes and poolfishes

Subfamily Goodeinae – typical goodeids and splitfins

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References
  1. Richard van der Laan; William N. Eschmeyer & Ronald Fricke (2014). "Family-group names of Recent fishes". Zootaxa. 3882 (2): 001–230. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3882.1.1. PMID 25543675. S2CID 31014657.
  2. Froese, Rainer, and Daniel Pauly, eds. (2006). "Goodeidae" in FishBase. February 2006 version.
  3. Webb, S.A.; Graves, J.A.; Macías-Garcia, C.; Magurran, A.E.; O'Foighil, D. & Ritchie, M.G. (2004). "Molecular phylogeny of the livebearing Goodeidae (Cyprinodontiformes)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 30 (3): 527–544. doi:10.1016/S1055-7903(03)00257-4. PMID 15012937.
  4. Christopher Scharpf; Kenneth J. Lazara (26 April 2019). "Order CYPRINODONTIFORMES: Families PANTANODONTIDAE, CYPRINODONTIDAE, PROFUNDULIDAE, GOODEIDAE, FUNDULIDAE and FLUVIPHYLACIDAE". The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database. Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara. Retrieved 17 September 2019.
  5. Foster, K.L.; K.R. Piller (2018). "Disentangling the drivers of diversification in an imperiled group of freshwater fishes (Cyprinodontiformes: Goodeidae)". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 18 (116): 116. doi:10.1186/s12862-018-1220-3. PMC 6052539. PMID 30021522.
  6. Ellenberg, G. (2005) Goodeiden [Online]. Available: http://www.goodeiden.de
  7. De la Vega-Salazar, M. Y. & Macías-García, C. (In press) Principal Factors in the decline of the Mexican endemic viviparous fishes (Goodeinae: Goodeidae). Ch. 33 in: H. J. Grier & M. C. Uribe (Eds.) Viviparous Fishes. Proceedings of I and II International Symposia. New Life Publications, Homestead FL, USA.
  8. IUCN Red List – http://www.redlist.org
  9. Fish and Wildlife Service, Proposed rules: Pahrump poolfish; withdrawn. http://www.thefederalregister.com/d.p/2004-04-02-04-7412
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