Southern toad

The southern toad (Bufo terrestris or Anaxyrus terrestris) is a true toad native to the southeastern United States, from eastern Louisiana and southeastern Virginia south to Florida.[2] It often lives in areas with sandy soils. It is nocturnal and spends the day in a burrow. Its coloring is usually brown but can be red, gray, or black. It is approximately 8 cm (3 inches) long.

Southern toad

Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1)[1]
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Amphibia
Order: Anura
Family: Bufonidae
Genus: Anaxyrus
Species:
A. terrestris
Binomial name
Anaxyrus terrestris
(Bonnaterre, 1802)
Synonyms

Bufo terrestris Bonnaterre, 1789

Description

The southern toad is a medium-sized, plump species with a snout-to-vent length of up to 92 mm (3.6 in) with females being slightly larger than males. The most obvious distinguishing feature is the knobs on the head and the backward-pointing spurs that extends as far as the paratoid glands. The dorsal surface is covered with warts, some of which may be spiny. The color of the head, back and sides varies from brick red to mottled grey, brown and black while the underparts are pale, sometimes with dark spots on the chest.[3]

Distribution

The southern toad is found on the coastal plain of the southeastern United States. Its range extends from southern Virginia to Florida and Louisiana and there are two isolated populations on the Piedmont plateau and the Blue Ridge Mountains in South Carolina.[1]

Behavior

The southern toad is nocturnal and lives in a burrow by day, or sometimes hides under a log or pile of debris. It occurs in woodland in cultivated land and gardens and sometimes stands beneath outdoor lights at night to pick up the attracted insects that fall to the ground. In winter it may become inactive and remain in its burrow for extended periods.[4]

Breeding starts in spring when the males migrate from their upland habitats to the lowland pools, ditches, swamps and the margins of lakes where they breed. Heavy rain triggers large numbers of males to congregate and call, forming choruses.[4] Each female lays a clutch of up to 4,000 eggs and the water may be thick with spawn. The eggs hatch and the tadpoles take 30 to 55 days to develop before undergoing metamorphosis into juvenile toads about 1 cm (0.4 in) long. The tadpoles feed on algae which they scrape from underwater vegetation. Adults are carnivorous and feed on any small invertebrates they can find.[4]

Status

The southern toad has a wide range and is common in much of that range, though it has become scarce in Florida in areas where the cane toad has become established. In general it is an adaptable species and faces no particular threats, the population seems stable and the IUCN has listed it as being of "least concern".[1] Southern toads are sometimes exploited by the pet trade.

gollark: I do not trust them to magically make batteries last way longer. I'm pretty sure it's use-dependent in some way.
gollark: Suuuuure they do.
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gollark: Doesn't last very long.
gollark: My existing phone has a fried battery after two years.

References
  1. Hammerson, G. (2004). "Anaxyrus terrestris". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2004: e.T54777A11188391. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2004.RLTS.T54777A11188391.en.
  2. Frost, Darrel R. (2014). "Anaxyrus terrestris (Bonnaterre, 1789)". Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0. American Museum of Natural History. Retrieved 17 September 2014.
  3. Egeler, J. (2000). ""Anaxyrus terrestris": Southern toad". Animal Diversity Web. Retrieved 2014-09-11.
  4. Jensen, John B. "Anaxyrus terrestris". AmphibiaWeb. Retrieved 2014-09-11.

Further reading
  • Pauly, G. B., D. M. Hillis, and D. C. Cannatella. (2004) The history of a Nearctic colonization: Molecular phylogenetics and biogeography of the Nearctic toads (Bufo). Evolution 58: 2517–2535.
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