Southern Ewaso Ng'iro

The Southern Ewaso Ng'iro (Brown River) is a river in the Great Rift Valley in Kenya. It plays an important role in the ecology of Lake Natron, the main regular breeding site for near-threatened lesser flamingos. Changes to land use in the river's headwaters or in the marshes before the river enters the lake could have a serious impact on this species.[2][3]

For the river that rises on Mount Kenya and flows to the Indian Ocean, see Ewaso Ng'iro.

Southern Ewaso Ng'iro
Southern Ewaso Ng’iro from Kalema (Kenya) to its mouth into Lake Natron (Tanzania)
Mau Forest (green) with Ewaso Ng'iro running south to Lake Natron at the foot of the map.
Location
Country	Kenya
Physical characteristics
Mouth
• coordinates	2.13691°S 36.05101°E / -2.13691; 36.05101
Basin size	7,600 square kilometres (2,900 sq mi)[1]

Course

The Ewaso Ng'iro rises on the Mau Escarpment, where it drains the south part of the Mau Forest.[2] The forest, which plays an important role in regulating and filtering the inflow to the river, is under threat from logging and land clearance for farming. Destruction would increase sediment loads in the river and cause greater seasonal variance in the volume of water.[4] The river flows south through the rift valley to the east of the Nguruman Escarpment. It crosses the border into Tanzania, where it empties into Lake Natron. The river, which runs all year round, is the main inflow to the lake.[3]

The river once flowed directly into the lake, but in geologically recent times it has been dammed by a horst beside the Shompole volcano. This has caused the waters to spread out into the steadily expanding Engare Ng'iro swamp, where the river deposits its sediment. The sediment-free river water then seeps into the brine lake.[5] The permanent swamp covers about 4,000 hectares (9,900 acres). South of this a seasonal floodplain of about 8,000 hectares (20,000 acres) stretches down to Lake Natron and along its eastern shore.[6]

Possible changes

Lesser flamingos over Lake Natron

The Lake Natron basin has been designated a Wetlands of International Importance under the Ramsar Convention.[3] However, in the past there have been plans to dam the Ewaso Ng'iro for hydroelectric power generation and for irrigation of the marshlands north of the lake, diverting water from other rivers to increase the flow. The plans would also include creating a variable freshwater lagoon with an area of about 50 square kilometres (19 sq mi).[1]

If implemented, the impact on the lake's ecology could be drastic. Reduced salinity and pollution with agri-chemicals could wipe out the blue-green algae that provide food for the lesser flamingo. The lake is the main breeding ground for this near-threatened species.[3] As of 2007 the dam project appeared to be on hold.[7]

References

1. "Information Sheet on Ramsar Wetlands (RIS), Lake Natron Basin" (PDF). wetlands.org. Wetlands International. 9 July 2001. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 10 April 2012.
2. "Why is the Mau important for our environment?". Mau - ICS. Retrieved 10 April 2012.
3. "TZ031 Lake Natron and Engaruka basin". BirdLife International. Retrieved 10 April 2012.
4. E.J. Gereta, E. Wolanski and E.A.T. Chiombola (January 2003). "Assessment of the environmental, social and economic impacts on the Serengeti ecosystem of the developments in the Mara river catchment in Kenya". Retrieved 10 April 2012.
5. Warren, John K. (2006). Evaporites: Sediments, Resources And Hydrocarbons. Birkhäuser. ISBN 3540260110.
6. R. H. Hughes, J. S. Hughes (1992). A Directory of African Wetlands. IUCN. p. 254. ISBN 2880329493.
7. "TNRF: Lake Natron: A summary of the major discussion points". African Conservation Foundation. 6 November 2007. Archived from the original on 20 December 2014. Retrieved 10 April 2012.