Smith College Housing

Early Smith Housing, 1875-1880

When Smith College first opened its doors to students in 1875, there were few precedents for how a women's college should build its dorms. Unlike the two already existing women's colleges, Mount Holyoke and Vassar, the Smith trustees decided to abandon the model of a large building with many individual student rooms. Instead, they took over a house that had belonged to a local family, Dewey House, in order to give their students a domestic space. Dewey House, designed by Thomas Pratt in 1827 for Charles A. Dewey, was a three-story home with a front porch, parlor, large dining room, and a bedroom for each of the incoming students.[1]

Smith went with the more domestic model of housing in its early years for two reasons. First, the trustees were concerned that by building a large dorm, they would not be able to afford to hire academically rigorous instructors.[1] Second, there was growing concern in the news and amongst the general public that the type of dorms provided by Vassar and Mount Holyoke encouraged female students to form close bonds verging on the romantic and made students unhealthy and unladylike through academic strain.[1] Seelye, Smith's first president, hoped that by keeping students in homes with a cultured matron keeping an eye on them that they could gain an education while keeping within the bounds of Victorian femininity. Sarah W Humphrey was the first matron of Dewey House, charged with ensuring the students would not overstrain themselves in their studies.[1] In 1877-1879, Smith constructed its first purpose built dorms, all keeping in the style of domestic Victorian architecture, Hatfield, Washburn, and Hubbard Houses, all designed by Peabody & Stearns.

• Dewey House
• Hatfield House
• Washburn House
• Hubbard House

Boarding Houses and Student Culture, 1880-1910

In the 1880s, Smith began to accept more students than it could house on campus. Students began to move off campus into local boarding houses, loosely regulated and approved by the college.[1] Many of these boarding houses were Invitation Houses, or houses where students had to be invited to enter by the current residents.[1] Other boarding houses in Northampton were based less on social networks and more on budget. For students who could afford more expensive housing there was the Plymouth, which had large suites, a swimming pool, a gymnasium, and a dining hall with a stage.[1] Since the housing was based largely on budget and on who one knew, Smith housing became highly economically segregated and cliquish.[1]

As students’ house identity became increasingly telling about their economic and social background, bedrooms became the site of elaborate teas, spreads, and chafing dish parties.[1] In the 1890s, as students were increasingly moving off campus and as Seelye’s ideal of a domestic life for his students was becoming further from the reality, Smith hired the Brocklesby firm to build four new houses, Morris, Lawrence, Dickinson, and Tyler. Although these houses still used the gables, large central staircases, and domestic public spaces typical of New England homes, each house roomed sixty women, departing sharply from the domestic ideal.[1]

• Morris
• Lawrence
• Tyler
• Dickinson

Ada Louis Comstock: 1910-1926

In 1910, Seelye's long presidency came to an end and Marion LeRoy Burton took his place. In 1912, Burton hired Ada Louis Comstock to be the new dean of students and she continued in the position into the presidency of William Allan Nielson. During her time as dean of students, Comstock made it her goal to reform the housing at Smith. Comstock believed that Smith needed to create a democratic environment where students could socialize with each other regardless of economic background, and she saw the housing system as the chief impediment to her goal.[1] In order to ensure that students of all backgrounds mixed, Comstock convinced the college to acquire several large homes on Elm Street and to build large dormitories, creating the ten dorms that made up the Georgian, red-brick Quadrangle. These new dorms departed sharply from earlier Smith houses with large elegant gathering spaces on the first floor and on the upper floors small cubicle-like rooms lining the central hall.[1] The design was motivated only partially by Smith's concern for creating a democratic social life. The design was also created to combat the longstanding fear that if students spent too much of their social life unsupervised in private bedrooms that their close female friendships might form into dangerous lesbian bonds.[1]

• Elm Street Houses
• Ellen Emerson
• Cushing
• Jordan
• Morrow
• Martha Wilson
• Gardiner
• Wilder
• Comstock
• Laura Scales
• Franklin King

Carrie Lee and Housing Integration

Although several African-American students had graduated from Smith College by the 1910s, it was not until 1913 that the college formally addressed the issue of housing African-American students on campus. In 1913, Smith College accepted Carrie Lee, an African-American honors student graduating from The New Bedford High School in New Bedford, Massachusetts.[2] Lee applied for on-campus housing and was assigned room three in Tyler Annex, a room she would share with Eleanor Nickey, a white student from Tennessee.[2] Although the college accepted Lee in full knowledge of her race, the Dean's Office was unaware that Lee was African-American when they assigned her room. Knowing that rooms on campus were limited—Lee's father, Charles Cranston Lee, promptly sent a letter acknowledging his daughter's placement and paying the fee necessary to reserve her room.[2]

However, when Lee's white roommate arrived to find that she would be sharing a room with Lee, an African-American student, she contacted the administration, which chose to deny Lee the room she had been promised in favor of appeasing her roommate.[3] Lee attempted to secure board in one of the college-approved off-campus boarding houses, but each landlord refused to house her.[2] Her only off-campus option was to work and be housed as a servant in town.[2] Lee's mother suggested she leave the college rather than endure the insult of being denied fair housing.[3] Lee chose to stay, living temporarily with Smith College Greek Professor Julia Caverno, a woman from a family of strong abolitionist leanings who had housed Otelia Cromwell, Smith's first African-American graduate, nearly a decade earlier.[2][4] Lee's mother then wrote to Otelia Cromwell for help.[2]

Cromwell, whose interest in Smith College affairs continued after her graduation in 1900, and who had met Lee while visiting family in New Bedford, wrote to then Smith College president, Marion LeRoy Burton to protest Lee's treatment.[2] President Burton insisted the decision had been made in accordance with housing precedents.[2] Although this first letter met with little sympathy from the college's administration, Cromwell's second letter to Jessie Fauset, a high school teacher with close connections to the newly founded National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), yielded some progress. In October 1913, Jessie Fauset wrote to Joel Spingarn, who was deeply involved with the NAACP, explaining Lee's situation. Spingarn eventually made a trip to Northampton, MA to investigate the charges.[2] Meanwhile, Moorfield Storey, founding president of the NAACP, wrote to President Burton promising action should the charges against Smith prove credible.[2]

Thanks to this pressure from NAACP officials, as well as a threat of resignation over the incident from Smith Trustee Ruth Bowles Baldwin, President Burton and the Board of Trustees chose to reconsider their decision to exclude Lee from campus housing.[2] Lee was assigned a room in Albright House, then considered one of the most desirable houses.[2][3] Lee's case became a precedent that allowed African-American women at Smith the same privilege of campus housing as their white counterparts.

Further reading

• Lincoln, Eleanor Terry, and John A. Pinto. This, the house we live in: the Smith College campus from 1871 to 1982. Northampton, Mass.: Smith College, 1983.
• Historical handbook of Smith college. Northampton, Mass.: Smith college, 1932.
• Smith College Building Records. Smith College, 1875–present.

References

1. Horowitz, Helen Lefkowitz (1984). Alma Mater : Design and experience in the women's colleges from their nineteenth century beginnings to the 1930's. New York: A.A. Knopf.
2. Cromwell, Adelaide M. (2010). My Mothering Aunt: Otelia Cromwell. Northampton, MA: Smith College. pp. 51–74. ISBN 0873910648.
3. Ovington, Mary White (1995). Black and White Sat Down Together: The Reminiscences of an NAACP Founder. New York: The Feminist Press at the University of New York. pp. 106–108.
4. Cromwell, Adelaide M. (2004). An African Victorian Feminist: The Life and Times of Adelaide Smith Casely Hayford. New York: Routledge. p. 209.