Silicon carbide fibers

Silicon carbide fibers fibers range from 5[1]–150[2] micrometres in diameter and composed primarily of silicon carbide molecules. Depending on manufacturing process, they may have some excess silicon or carbon, or have a small amount of oxygen. Relative to organic fibers and some ceramic fibers, silicon carbide fibers have high stiffness,[2] high tensile strength,[2] low weight, high chemical resistance, high temperature tolerance and low thermal expansion. (refs) These properties have made silicon carbide fiber the choice for hot section components in the next generation of gas turbines, e.g. the LEAP engine[3] from GE (General Electric).[4]

This article is about loose or woven silicon carbide filament. For the rigid composite material made from silicon carbide fiber used in aerospace and other applications, see Ceramic matrix composite.

There are several manufacturing approaches to making silicon carbide fibers.[5][6] The one with the longest historical experience, invented in 1975 and called the Yajima process,[7] uses a pre-ceramic liquid polymer that is injected through a spinneret to produce solidified green (unfired) fibers that go through a series of processing steps, including significant time in high temperature furnaces to convert the polymer to the desired SiC chemistry. These fibers are typically smaller than 20 microns in diameter[1] and supplied as twisted tows containing 300+ fibers. Several companies employ some variation of this technique, including Nippon Carbon (Japan), Ube Industries (Japan), and the NGS consortium (USA).

A second approach utilizes chemical vapor deposition (CVD) to form silicon carbide on a central core of a dissimilar material as the core traverses a high temperature reactor. Developed by Textron[1] (now Specialty Materials Inc located in Massachusetts[8]) over 40 years ago, the silicon carbide deposit resulting from the gas-phase CVD reaction builds up on a carbon core with a columnar microstructure.[1] The fiber, sold as the SCS product family, is relatively large in diameter, measuring from approximately 80 to 140 microns.[1]

Laser-driven CVD (LCVD) is a related approach using multiple laser beams as the energy source to incite the gas phase reaction, with the significant difference that the fibers are grown as-formed and not on any core structure[9],[10],[11]. The LCVD fibers are fabricated in a parallel array as each laser beam corresponds to a deposited fiber, with growth rates ranging from 100 microns to over 1 millimeter per second and fiber diameters ranging from 20 to 80 microns. Free Form Fibers, based in upstate New York, has developed the LCVD technology for the past 10 years.

See also

References
  1. Composite Materials Handbook (CMH-17) Volume 5, Ceramic Matrix Composites; published by SAE International, 2017 (from chapter 3.2) https://www.library.ucdavis.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/HDBK17-5.pdf
  2. https://www.library.ucdavis.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/HDBK17-3F.pdf section 2.4.1.6
  3. "Ceramic matrix composites take flight in LEAP jet engine | ORNL". Ornl.gov. 2017-01-03. Retrieved 2018-03-30.
  4. Website of CFM, the joint venture manufacturer (between GE and Saffran Aircraft Engines) of the LEAP engine, https://www.cfmaeroengines.com/engines/leap/
  5. "How to knit silicon carbide fibers | The American Ceramic Society". Ceramics.org. 2012-07-03. doi:10.1002/adem.201100192. Retrieved 2018-03-30.
  6. "Silicon Carbide SiC Material Properties". Accuratus.com. Retrieved 2018-03-30.
  7. US 4,052,430, Yajima, Seishi; Josaburo Hayashi & Mamoru Omori, "Method for producing organosilicon high molecular weight compounds having silicon and carbon as main skeleton components and said organosilicon high molecular weight compounds", issued 1977-10-04
  8. "Specialty Materials, Inc. - History". Specmaterials.com. Retrieved 2018-03-30.
  9. Maxwell, James & Chavez, Craig & W. Springer, Robert & Maskaly, Karlene & Goodin, Dan. (2007). “Preparation of superhard BxCy fibers by microvortex-flow hyperbaric laser chemical vapor deposition”, Diamond and Related Materials v 16. pp. 1557-1564
  10. T. Wallenberger, Frederick & C. Nordine, Paul & Boman, Mats. (1994). “Inorganic fibers and microstructures directly from the vapor phase”. Composites Science and Technology v 51. pp. 193-212.
  11. Maxwell, James & Boman, Mats & W Springer, Robert & Narayan, Jaikumar & Gnanavelu, Saiprasanna. (2006). “Hyperbaric Laser Chemical Vapor Deposition of Carbon Fibers from the 1-Alkenes, 1-Alkynes, and Benzene”. Journal of the American Chemical Society v 128. pp. 4405-4413
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