Serial block-face scanning electron microscopy

Serial block-face scanning electron microscopy is a method to generate high resolution three-dimensional images from small samples. The technique was developed for brain tissue, but it is widely applicable for any biological samples.[1] A serial block-face scanning electron microscope consists of an ultramicrotome mounted inside the vacuum chamber of a scanning electron microscope. Samples are prepared by methods similar to that in transmission electron microscopy (TEM), typically by fixing the sample with aldehyde, staining with heavy metals such as osmium and uranium then embedding in an epoxy resin.[2][3] The surface of the block of resin-embedded sample is imaged by detection of back-scattered electrons. Following imaging the ultramicrotome is used to cut a thin section (typically around 30 nm) from the face of the block. After the section is cut, the sample block is raised back to the focal plane and imaged again. This sequence of sample imaging, section cutting and block raising can acquire many thousands of images in perfect alignment in an automated fashion. Practical serial block-face scanning electron microscopy was invented in 2004 by Winfried Denk at the Max-Planck-Institute in Heidelberg and is commercially available from Gatan Inc.[4], Thermo Fisher Scientific (VolumeScope)[5] and ConnectomX[6].

Applications

One of the first applications of serial block-face scanning electron microscopy was to analyze the connectivity of axons in the brain. The resolution is sufficient to trace even the thinnest axons and to identify synapses. By now, serial block face imaging contributed to many fields, like developmental biology, plant biology, cancer research, studying neuro-degenerative diseases etc. The technique can generate extremely large data sets, and development of algorithms for automatic segmentation of the very large data sets generated is still a challenge. However much work is being done on this area currently. The EyeWire project harnesses human computation in a game to trace neurons through images of a volume of retina obtained using serial block-face scanning electron microscopy.[7]

Many different samples can be prepared for serial block-face scanning electron microscopy and the ultramicrotome is able to cut many materials, therefore this technique has wider applicability. It is starting to find applications in many other areas ranging from cell and developmental biology [7] to materials science.

gollark: Intended? It seems like another of those evolutionary quirks which are somewhat bad, but also local maxima which can't really be moved away from.
gollark: Semiunrelated but I quite like that visualization format.
gollark: Besides, the manufacturing consumes way more energy than their requirements.
gollark: 75 kWh / year is 8W. I don't think you can run any computer more powerful than a Raspberry Pi on that.
gollark: i.e. about a sixth of an old lightbulb's power consumption.

See also

References
  1. Denk, W; Horstmann, H (2004). "Serial Block-Face Scanning Electron Microscopy to Reconstruct Three-Dimensional Tissue Nanostructure". PLoS Biol. 2 (11): e329. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0020329. PMC 524270. PMID 15514700.
  2. Mukherjee, Konark; Clark, Helen R.; Chavan, Vrushali; Benson, Emily K.; Kidd, Grahame J.; Srivastava, Sarika (2016-07-09). "Analysis of Brain Mitochondria Using Serial Block-Face Scanning Electron Microscopy". Journal of Visualized Experiments (113). doi:10.3791/54214. ISSN 1940-087X. PMC 4993410. PMID 27501303.
  3. Hua, Yunfeng; Laserstein, Philip; Helmstaedter, Moritz (2015-08-03). "Large-volume en-bloc staining for electron microscopy-based connectomics". Nature Communications. 6: 7923. doi:10.1038/ncomms8923. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 4532871. PMID 26235643.
  4. http://www.gatan.com/3View
  5. "Teneo VolumeScope SEM for Life Sciences". www.fei.com. Mark Anderson. 2017-10-02. Retrieved 2017-10-09.CS1 maint: others (link)
  6. https://www.connectomx.com/microtome
  7. "Challenge << EyeWire". Archived from the original on April 14, 2012. Retrieved March 27, 2012.

[7] Holland ND (2018). Formation of the initial kidney and mouth opening in larval amphioxus studied with serial blockface scanning electron microscopy (SBSEM). EvoDevo |volume=9|number 16|doi=10.1186.

  • Original Publication in PloS Biology
  • Gatan's 3View
  • Cell Centered Data Base, SBEM datasets
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