Sensory preconditioning
Sensory preconditioning is a phenomenon discussed using terms common in classical conditioning. Procedurally, sensory preconditioning involves first identifying two different neutral stimuli (NS; see neutral stimulus) in relation to a specific unconditioned response (UR) of interest. For example, a light (NS1) and a tone (NS2) are common stimuli used in respondent conditioning examples involving salivation; they are not unconditioned stimuli (US) for salivation. Next, these two neutral stimuli are paired together repeatedly (e.g., the tone and light are presented simultaneously for a period of time, such as 10 seconds, multiple times). The pairing of these two NS constitutes sensory preconditioning. However, sensory preconditioning itself is usually followed by repeatedly pairing one of the NS (e.g., the light) with a US (e.g., lemon juice on the tongue to produce salivation) until the light alone elicits salivation. To accomplish this, delayed conditioning (see classical conditioning) is generally most effective. At this point the light is no longer classified as a NS in relation to salivation; it has become a conditioned stimulus (CS) for salivation. Salivation that occurs following the CS is called a conditioned response (CR). At this point, the second NS (i.e., the tone noted above) will also elicit salivation even though it has never been paired with the US. In short, sensory preconditioning in conjunction with classical conditioning resulted in the tone becoming a CS for salivation (CR).
The term "sensory preconditioning" was coined by W. J. Brogden in 1939 at Johns Hopkins University.[1] During the first stage of a sensory preconditioning procedure, two neutral stimuli (NS1 and NS2) are paired together either simultaneously or serially. During stage two, the traditional CS1-->CR response is established. Subsequently, the CS2 (that has never been directly paired with the US) will begin to elicit the conditioned response. This suggests that the first stage S-S pairings have affected responding because the NS2 does not elicit salivation until after the (NS1) US-->UR pairings have resulted in a CS1-->CR relationship.
A forward conditioning experiment using a between-subjects design, followed by CS1 extinction suggests the possibility of an S-S pathway (Rizley and Rescorla, 1972). The experiment used a conditioned suppression paradigm following an A--> X | X-->US| A-->CR design.[2]
Stage one: Tone (NS2) was presented serially with a Light (NS1)
Stage two: Light (NS1) was paired with a shock (US)
Test: NS2 elicited a conditioned response that was similar to that elicited by the light; thus, both the light that was paired with the shock and the tone that was never paired with the shock both became CS in relation to the organisms' "shock responses" (CRs).
Following this sensory preconditioning procedure, responding to the CS1 (i.e., the light) was respondently extinguished by repeatedly presenting the light in the absence of the shock. Normally, this CS1 extinction does not affect the CR to CS2. However, in this sensory preconditioning experiment the extinction of CS1 transferred to CS2, suggesting an associative chain explanation whereby CS2-->CS1-->UCS-->Response.
For the tone to be paired with the response, it would need exposure to the shock during stage 1, but it doesn't. The response cannot occur until the second stage when the shock is presented. Therefore, an S-R account can be discarded as there is no response in stage one.
References
- Robinson, Jasper; Hall, Geoffrey (1998-11-01). "Backward Sensory Preconditioning when Reinforcement is Delayed" (PDF). Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, Section B. 51 (4): 349–362. doi:10.1080/713932687.
- Gewirtz, J. C. (2000-09-01). "Using Pavlovian Higher-Order Conditioning Paradigms to Investigate the Neural Substrates of Emotional Learning and Memory". Learning & Memory. 7 (5): 257–266. doi:10.1101/lm.35200.