Selective yellow

Selective yellow is a colour for automotive lamps, particularly headlamps and other road-illumination lamps such as fog lamps.[1] Under ECE regulations, headlamps were formerly permitted to be either white or selective yellow—in France, selective yellow was mandatory for all vehicles' road-illumination lamps until 1993.

Selective yellow (approximation)
Colour coordinates
Hex triplet	#FFBA00
sRGB^B  (r, g, b)	(255, 186, 0)
HSV       (h, s, v)	(44°, 100%, 100%)
Source	CIECD
ISCC–NBS descriptor	Strong orange yellow
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte)

One of the first optic headlamp lenses, the Corning Conaphore made of selective yellow "Noviol" glass.

Both the internationalized European ECE Regulation 19[2] and North American SAE standard J583[3] permit selective yellow front fog lamps. ECE Regulation 48 currently requires new vehicles to be equipped with headlamps emitting white light.[4] However, selective yellow headlamps remain permitted throughout Europe on vehicles already so equipped, as well as in non-European locales such as Japan[5] and New Zealand.[6]

The intent of selective yellow is to improve vision by removing short, blue to violet wavelengths from the projected light. These wavelengths are difficult for the human visual system to process properly, and they cause perceived dazzle and glare effects in rain, fog and snow.[7] Removing the blue-violet portion of a lamp's output to obtain selective yellow light can entail filter losses of around 15%,[8] though the effect of this reduction is said to be mitigated or countervailed by the increased visual acuity available with yellow rather than white light in bad weather.[7]

A research experiment done in the UK in 1968 using tungsten (non-halogen) lamps found that visual acuity is about 3% better with selective yellow headlamps than with white ones of equal intensity.[9] Research done in the Netherlands in 1976 concluded that yellow and white headlamps are equivalent as regards traffic safety, though yellow light causes less discomfort glare than white light.[10] Researchers note that tungsten filament lamps emit only a small amount of the blue light blocked by a selective-yellow filter,[9] so such filtration makes only a small difference in the characteristics of the light output,[7] and suggest that headlamps using newer kinds of sources such as metal halide (HID) bulbs may, through filtration, give off less visually distracting light while still having greater light output than halogen ones.[7]

Formal definition

The UNECE Regulations formally define selective yellow in terms of the CIE 1931 colour space as follows:

Limit towards red	${\displaystyle y\geq 0.138+0.580x}$
Limit towards green	${\displaystyle y\leq 1.290x-0.100}$
Limit towards white	${\displaystyle y\geq 0.966-x}$
Limit towards spectral value	${\displaystyle y\leq 0.992-x}$

For front fog lamps, the limit towards white is extended:

Limit towards white	${\displaystyle y\geq 0.940-x}$
	${\displaystyle y\geq 0.440}$

The entirety of the basic selective yellow definition lies outside the gamut of the sRGB colour space—such a pure yellow cannot be represented using RGB primaries. The colour swatch above is a desaturated approximation, created by taking the centroid of the standard selective yellow definition at (0.502, 0.477) and moving it towards the D65 white point, until it meets the sRGB gamut triangle at (0.478, 0.458).

Here are images of a car equipped with selective yellow headlamps and driving lamps, a set of fog lamps designed to produce selective yellow light, and of the light beam emitted from the same lamps:

• 
  Porsche 911 with selective yellow lights
• 
  Selective yellow foglights
• 
  The beam produced by selective yellow lights

References

1. UNECE
2. ECE Regulation 19: Uniform Provisions Concerning the Approval of Power-Driven Vehicle Front Fog Lamps
3. SAE Standard J583: Front Fog Lamp
4. ECE Regulation 48: Uniform Provisions Concerning the Approval of Vehicles with Regard to the Installation of Lighting and Light-Signalling Devices
5. Japanese Industrial Standard JIS D-5500 Archived 2007-08-15 at the Wayback Machine Automobile Parts--Lighting and Light Signaling Devices p. 5, sec. 4.4.2, table #4
6. New Zealand Vehicle Inspection Requirement Manual p. 4.1.2
7. Bullough, John; Mark S. Rea (2001). "Driving in Snow: Effect of Headlamp Color at Mesopic and Photopic Light Levels" (PDF). SAE Technical Paper Series. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-02-23. Retrieved 2010-01-27.
8. Devaux, P. (1970). "State-of-the-Art Signaling and Lighting" (paper, PDF). SAE 700386. Society of Automotive Engineers. Retrieved 21 May 2012. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
9. Christie, A.W.; Ashwood, J.E.; Symons, R.D.H. (1968). "Visual Acuity in Yellow Headlights" (PDF). RRL Report № LR 156. UK Ministry of Transport Road Research Laboratory. Retrieved 29 July 2018. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
10. "White or Yellow Light for Vehicle Head-Lamps?". SWOV Publication 1976-2E. SWOV (Dutch Institute for Road Safety Research. 1976. Retrieved 29 July 2018. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)

External links