Secondary authority

In law, a secondary authority is an authority purporting to explain the meaning or applicability of the actual verbatim texts of primary authorities (such as constitutions, statutes, case law, administrative regulations, executive orders, treaties, or similar legal instruments).

Some secondary authority materials are written and published by governments to explain the laws in simple, non-technical terms, while other secondary authority materials are written and published by private companies, non-profit organizations, or other groups or individuals. Some examples of secondary authority are:

Law review articles, comments and notes (written by law professors, practicing lawyers, law students, etc.)
Legal textbooks, such as legal treatises and hornbooks
Legal digests, such as the West American Digest System
Annotations published in statute books, codes, or other materials, such as the annotations in the American Law Reports series
Legal encyclopedias (such as Corpus Juris Secundum, Encyclopedia of Law and American Jurisprudence)
Legal dictionaries (such as Black's Law Dictionary). See Law Dictionary
Restatements of the Law published by the American Law Institute
Legal briefs and memoranda;
Tax forms and instructions published by governments
Government publications explaining or summarizing the laws
Government employee manuals (such as the Internal Revenue Manual for employees of the Internal Revenue Service)
Course materials from continuing legal education seminars
Debate in legislatures, including such commentaries published in the Congressional Record (this may reveal legislative intent)
Other similar materials

In the United States, various legal scholars disagree over whether legislative histories in the form of texts of congressional committee reports should be considered to be secondary authority or, alternatively, primary authority.[1]

Although secondary authorities are sometimes used in legal research (especially, to allow a researcher to gain a preliminary, overall understanding of an unfamiliar area of law) and are sometimes even cited by courts in deciding cases, secondary authorities are generally afforded less weight than the actual texts of primary authority.

Notes

Compare G.L. Richmond, Federal Tax Research: Guide to Materials and Techniques, page 2, fn.4 (4th ed. 1990) and C.L. Kunz, D.A. Schmedemann, C.P. Erlinder & M.P. Downs, The Process of Legal Research, page 3 (1986).

gollark: > Note The parameter reuse_address is no longer supported, as using SO_REUSEADDR poses a significant security concern for UDP. Explicitly passing reuse_address=True will raise an exception. Ah yes, thanks for arbitrarily removing things with no replacement, Python.

gollark: Excellent, via deployment of "bee memes" I have made it function somewhat.

gollark: I did not. The issue was resolved after I made it rethingy the file or something.

gollark: Well, not Python, but VSCode's python thing?

gollark: Why does Python keep saying that `self`, a highly extant variable, does not exist?

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[1] Compare G.L. Richmond, Federal Tax Research: Guide to Materials and Techniques, page 2, fn.4 (4th ed. 1990) and C.L. Kunz, D.A. Schmedemann, C.P. Erlinder & M.P. Downs, The Process of Legal Research, page 3 (1986).