Sean J. Morrison

Sean J. Morrison is a Canadian-American stem cell biologist and cancer researcher. Morrison is the director of Children's Medical Center Research Institute at UT Southwestern,[1] a nonprofit research institute established in 2011 as a joint venture between Children’s Health System of Texas and UT Southwestern Medical Center. The CRI was established in 2011 by Morrison with the mission to perform transformative biomedical research at the interface of stem cell biology, cancer, and metabolism to better understand the biological basis of disease.[1] He is a Howard Hughes Medical Institute Investigator [2][3] and member of the National Academy of Medicine.[4][5] From 2015 to 2016 Morrison served as the president of the International Society for Stem Cell Research.[6][7]

Sean J. Morrison
Alma mater
Known forStem Cell Research
AwardsHoward Hughes Medical Institute Investigator, National Academy of Medicine
Scientific career
FieldsStem Cells, Cancer Biology
Institutions
Websitehttp://cri.utsw.edu/

Morrison’s research group studies the mechanisms that regulate stem cell function in adult tissues and the ways in which cancer cells hijack those mechanisms to enable tumor formation.[8]

Education and awards

Morrison attend Dalhousie University and graduated with a BSc in biology and chemistry in 1991.[9] He earned his Ph.D. in immunology in 1996 for working on the isolation and characterization of blood-forming (hematopoietic) stem cells in the laboratory of Dr. Irving L. Weissman at Stanford University.[10] Morrison then worked as a postdoctoral fellow on the isolation and characterization of neural crest stem cells in Dr. David Anderson’s laboratory at the California Institute of Technology from 1996 to 1999. From 1999 to 2011, he was a professor at the University of Michigan, where he founded their Center for Stem Cell Biology.[11]

Morrison was a Searle Scholar (2000-2003), and received the Presidential Early Career Award for Scientists and Engineers (2003), the International Society for Hematology and Stem Cells McCulloch and Till Award (2007), the American Association of Anatomists Harland Mossman Award (2008), and a MERIT Award from the National Institute on Aging (2009). He was elected to the National Academy of Medicine in 2018.[12]

Research

The regulation of stem cell self-renewal

Morrison developed methods to distinguish self-renewing stem cells from multipotent progenitors in the blood-forming system[13] and in the peripheral[14] and central[15] nervous systems. This work showed that self-renewal potential is determined cell-intrinsically in stem cells and made it possible to identify gene products that regulate stem cell maintenance across multiple tissues. The Morrison laboratory identified a series of key stem cell self-renewal regulators, revealing several important principles.[16][17][18][19][20] First, stem cell self-renewal is mechanistically distinct from restricted progenitor proliferation. Second, many self-renewal mechanisms are conserved among stem cells in different tissues. Third, these mechanisms comprise networks of proto-oncogenes and tumor suppressors that are dysregulated in cancer; cancer cells tend to hijack stem cell self-renewal mechanisms to enable tumorigenesis. Fourth, the Morrison laboratory showed that these networks change over time, conferring temporal changes in stem cell properties that match the changing growth and regeneration demands of tissues (for example during fetal development and adulthood). Fifth, tumor suppressor expression increases with age in stem cells, suppressing the development of cancer but also reducing stem cell function and tissue regenerative capacity during aging.

Identification of the hematopoietic stem cell niche

The Morrison laboratory also identified cell-extrinsic mechanisms by which the niche (a specialized microenvironment that maintains stem cells in tissues) regulates the maintenance of blood-forming stem cells in adult blood-forming tissues. They were the first to propose that hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) reside in perivascular niches after discovering SLAM family markers that enabled the localization of HSCs in hematopoietic tissues.[21] They showed in that study that most HSCs reside adjacent to sinusoidal blood vessels in the bone marrow and spleen. They showed that endothelial cells and Leptin Receptor+ perivascular stromal cells are the major sources of factors required for HSC maintenance in the bone marrow.[22][23] The Leptin Receptor+ cells include skeletal stem cells that are a major source of new bone cells and adipocytes that form in adult bone marrow.[24] The identification of these niche cells made it possible to test whether hematopoiesis or osteogenesis are regulated by yet undiscovered growth factors in the bone marrow. As a result of this work, the Morrison lab discovered Osteolectin/Clec11a, a bone-forming growth factor made by Leptin Receptor+ cells that is required to maintain the adult skeleton by promoting osteogenesis.[25]

Cancer cell self-replication and metastasis

The Morrison laboratory also compared the self-renewal of stem cells to the self-replication of cancer cells. They showed that tumorigenic cells are abundant in some cancers[26] and that cancer cells experience a dramatic increase in reactive oxygen species during metastasis, leading to the death of most metastasizing cells.[27] This discovery raises the possibility that “pro-oxidant” therapies that increase oxidative stress in cancer cells might inhibit cancer progression, an area of active investigation within the Morrison laboratory.

Advocacy

Morrison has been active in shaping public policy related to stem cell research. He testified before the U.S. Congress,[28] served as a leader in the successful “Proposal 2” campaign to protect and regulate stem cell research in Michigan’s state constitution[29] ,[30][31] and chairs the public policy committee for the International Society for Stem Cell Research.

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References
  1. "Children's, UT Southwestern announce stem cell, cancer research institute". Dallas News. 2012-03-05. Retrieved 2019-04-08.
  2. "Sean J. Morrison". HHMI.org. Retrieved 2019-04-08.
  3. Toward Precision Medicine:: Building a Knowledge Network for Biomedical Research and a New Taxonomy of Disease. National Academies Press. 2011. p. 103. ISBN 9780309222228. Retrieved 12 October 2014.
  4. "CPRIT Scholar Morrison Elected to the National Academy of Medicine — Cancer Prevention and Research Institute of Texas". www.cprit.state.tx.us. Retrieved 2019-04-08.
  5. "UTSW Researcher Sean Morrison Named to the National Academy of Medicine « D CEO Healthcare". healthcare.dmagazine.com. Retrieved 2019-04-08.
  6. "Sean J. Morrison Assumes Leadership of the ISSCR Following the Annual Meeting, 24–27 June, Stockholm, Sweden". www.isscr.org. Retrieved 2019-04-08.
  7. Knoepfler, Paul (2015-08-31). "ISSCR President Sean Morrison on challenges and future of stem cell field". The Niche. Retrieved 2019-04-08.
  8. "ISSCR President Sean Morrison on challenges and future of stem cell field - The Niche". The Niche. 2015-08-31. Retrieved 2018-03-28.
  9. Lako, Majlinda; Daher, Susan (June 2009). "Balancing Work and Life: A Conversation with Sean Morrison". Stem Cells. 27 (6): 1229–1230. doi:10.1002/stem.113. PMID 19489093.
  10. "Stanford Child Health Research Institute hosts inaugural symposium Nov. 16". News Center. Retrieved 2019-04-08.
  11. "Top stem cell researcher Sean Morrison leaving University of Michigan". AnnArbor.com. Retrieved 2019-04-08.
  12. "National Academy of Medicine Elects 85 New Members". National Academy of Medicine. 15 October 2018. Retrieved 2 May 2019.
  13. Morrison, S. J.; Weissman, I. L. (November 1994). "The long-term repopulating subset of hematopoietic stem cells is deterministic and isolatable by phenotype". Immunity. 1 (8): 661–673. doi:10.1016/1074-7613(94)90037-x. ISSN 1074-7613. PMID 7541305.
  14. Morrison, S. J.; White, P. M.; Zock, C.; Anderson, D. J. (1999-03-05). "Prospective identification, isolation by flow cytometry, and in vivo self-renewal of multipotent mammalian neural crest stem cells". Cell. 96 (5): 737–749. doi:10.1016/s0092-8674(00)80583-8. ISSN 0092-8674. PMID 10089888.
  15. Mich, John K; Signer, Robert AJ; Nakada, Daisuke; Pineda, André; Burgess, Rebecca J; Vue, Tou Yia; Johnson, Jane E; Morrison, Sean J (2014-05-07). "Prospective identification of functionally distinct stem cells and neurosphere-initiating cells in adult mouse forebrain". eLife. 3: e02669. doi:10.7554/eLife.02669. ISSN 2050-084X. PMC 4038845. PMID 24843006.
  16. Molofsky, Anna; Pardal, Ricardo; Iwashita, Toshihide; Park, In-Kyung; Clarke, Michael F.; Morrison, Sean J. (October 2003). "Bmi-1 dependence distinguishes neural stem cell self-renewal from progenitor proliferation". Nature. 425 (6961): 962–967. Bibcode:2003Natur.425..962M. doi:10.1038/nature02060. ISSN 0028-0836. PMC 2614897. PMID 14574365.
  17. Molofsky, Anna V.; Slutsky, Shalom G.; Joseph, Nancy M.; He, Shenghui; Pardal, Ricardo; Krishnamurthy, Janakiraman; Sharpless, Norman E.; Morrison, Sean J. (2006-09-28). "Increasing p16INK4a expression decreases forebrain progenitors and neurogenesis during ageing". Nature. 443 (7110): 448–452. Bibcode:2006Natur.443..448M. doi:10.1038/nature05091. ISSN 0028-0836. PMC 2586960. PMID 16957738.
  18. Yilmaz, Omer H.; Valdez, Riccardo; Theisen, Brian K.; Guo, Wei; Ferguson, David O.; Wu, Hong; Morrison, Sean J. (2006-05-25). "Pten dependence distinguishes haematopoietic stem cells from leukaemia-initiating cells". Nature. 441 (7092): 475–482. Bibcode:2006Natur.441..475Y. doi:10.1038/nature04703. hdl:2027.42/62514. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 16598206.
  19. Nishino, Jinsuke; Kim, Injune; Chada, Kiran; Morrison, Sean J. (2008-10-17). "Hmga2 promotes neural stem cell self-renewal in young, but not old, mice by reducing p16Ink4a and p19Arf expression". Cell. 135 (2): 227–239. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2008.09.017. ISSN 0092-8674. PMC 2582221. PMID 18957199.
  20. Nakada, D.; Saunders, T. L.; Morrison, S. J. (2010-12-02). "Lkb1 regulates cell cycle and energy metabolism in haematopoietic stem cells". Nature. 468 (7324): 653–658. Bibcode:2010Natur.468..653N. doi:10.1038/nature09571. ISSN 0028-0836. PMC 3059717. PMID 21124450.
  21. Kiel, Mark J.; Yilmaz, Omer H.; Iwashita, Toshihide; Yilmaz, Osman H.; Terhorst, Cox; Morrison, Sean J. (2005-07-01). "SLAM family receptors distinguish hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells and reveal endothelial niches for stem cells". Cell. 121 (7): 1109–1121. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2005.05.026. ISSN 0092-8674. PMID 15989959.
  22. Ding, Lei; Saunders, Thomas L.; Enikolopov, Grigori; Morrison, Sean J. (2012-01-25). "Endothelial and perivascular cells maintain haematopoietic stem cells". Nature. 481 (7382): 457–462. Bibcode:2012Natur.481..457D. doi:10.1038/nature10783. ISSN 0028-0836. PMC 3270376. PMID 22281595.
  23. Ding, Lei; Morrison, Sean J. (2013-03-14). "Haematopoietic stem cells and early lymphoid progenitors occupy distinct bone marrow niches". Nature. 495 (7440): 231–235. Bibcode:2013Natur.495..231D. doi:10.1038/nature11885. ISSN 0028-0836. PMC 3600153. PMID 23434755.
  24. Zhou, Bo O.; Yue, Rui; Murphy, Malea M.; Peyer, James; Morrison, Sean J. (2014-08-07). "Leptin Receptor-expressing mesenchymal stromal cells represent the main source of bone formed by adult bone marrow". Cell Stem Cell. 15 (2): 154–168. doi:10.1016/j.stem.2014.06.008. ISSN 1934-5909. PMC 4127103. PMID 24953181.
  25. Yue, Rui; Shen, Bo; Morrison, Sean J. (2016-12-13). "Clec11a/osteolectin is an osteogenic growth factor that promotes the maintenance of the adult skeleton". eLife. 5. doi:10.7554/eLife.18782. ISSN 2050-084X. PMC 5158134. PMID 27976999.
  26. Quintana, Elsa; Shackleton, Mark; Sabel, Michael S.; Fullen, Douglas R.; Johnson, Timothy M.; Morrison, Sean J. (2008-12-04). "Efficient tumor formation by single human melanoma cells". Nature. 456 (7222): 593–598. Bibcode:2008Natur.456..593Q. doi:10.1038/nature07567. ISSN 0028-0836. PMC 2597380. PMID 19052619.
  27. Piskounova, Elena; Agathocleous, Michalis; Murphy, Malea M.; Hu, Zeping; Huddlestun, Sara E.; Zhao, Zhiyu; Leitch, A. Marilyn; Johnson, Timothy M.; DeBerardinis, Ralph J.; Morrison, Sean J. (2015-11-12). "Oxidative stress inhibits distant metastasis by human melanoma cells". Nature. 527 (7577): 186–191. Bibcode:2015Natur.527..186P. doi:10.1038/nature15726. ISSN 0028-0836. PMC 4644103. PMID 26466563.
  28. "University of Michigan scientist to testify on human embryonic stem cell research before Senate panel". AnnArbor.com. Retrieved 2018-03-28.
  29. "Stem cell star Sean Morrison to Legislature: 'You don't compete by looking for ways to put stem cell biologists in jail'". AnnArbor.com. Retrieved 2019-04-08.
  30. "Michigan Ballot Takes On Stem Cell Research". NPR.org. Retrieved 2019-04-08.
  31. "The Politics of Stem Cell Research: The Michigan Initiative". iBiology. Retrieved 2019-04-08.
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