Sea buckthorn oil

Sea buckthorn oil is a red–orange oil derived from sea buckthorn plants. The most commonly used species for this purpose is Hippophae rhamnoides. Species belonging to this genus accumulate lipids in the mesocarp (the fruit pulp),[1] so the oil can be extracted from either the seeds or the pulp.

Sea buckthorn berries

The resulting oils (seed oil and pulp oil, also called fruit or berry oil) are used in dietary supplements, nutraceuticals, cosmetics and skin care products.

Chemical constituents

Oil content in seeds of sea buckthorn is on average 7-11 % while oil content of the fruit pulp is around 1.5-3 % (per fresh weight).[1]

Seed oil is characterized by high contents of polyunsaturated fatty acids[1] while pulp oil contains monounsaturated fatty acids[1] and carotenoids.[2] Both oils also contain dense amounts of tocopherols, tocotrienols[3] and plant sterols.[4]

Fatty acids

Oils from sea buckthorn seeds and pulp differ considerably in fatty acid composition. While linoleic acid and α-linolenic acid are the major fatty acids in seed oil, sea buckthorn pulp oil contains approximately 65% combined of the monounsaturated fatty acid, palmitoleic acid, and the saturated fatty acid, palmitic acid.[1] This results in a major difference between the sea buckthorn oil extracted from seeds and the sea buckthorn oil extracted from the fleshy part of the fruit, in term of appearance and consistency. Sea buckthorn fruit oil is dark orange in color and has a thick consistency (it is liquid at room temperature, but becomes much thicker if refrigerated), whereas the seed oil is pale yellow and does not solidify under refrigeration.

Few other vegetable oils contain a similar quantity of these fatty acids.  The high proportion of unsaturated fatty acids are also responsible for the relatively poor shelf life, as they cause sea buckthorn oil to turn rancid quickly.[5]

Tocopherols and tocotrienols

α-Tocopherol is the major vitamin E compound in sea buckthorn. Seed oil also contains considerable amounts of gamma-tocopherol. The total amount of tocopherols and tocotrienols is roughly 64–300 mg/100 g in seed oil and 100–481 mg/100 g in pulp oil.[3]

Carotenoids

As carotenoids are the pigments that give sea buckthorn berry its distinctive orange-red color, these compounds are present in considerable amounts both in pulp oil and in seed oil; the average carotenoid content of pulp oil is 350 mg per 100 grams, as compared to 67.5 mg per 100 grams in seed oil. The total content of carotenoids in pulp oil varies (300–2000 mg/100 g) greatly between different growth locations and subspecies,[6] and between components, where total carotenoids were up to 85 mg/100 g in seed oil, and up to 1000 mg/100 g in pulp oil. In general, the main carotenoids present in pulp oil are beta-carotene, zeaxanthin and lycopene.[2]

Plant sterols

Both seed and pulp oil also contain considerable amounts of plant sterols (12-23 g/kg and 10-29 g/kg of oil, respectively). Beta-sitosterol is the major sterol compound throughout the berry which constitutes 57-83% of total sterols.[4]

Uses
Sea buckthorn seed oil in capsules

Sea buckthorn oil is frequently used in cosmetic products, especially topical products marketed for aging skin and dry skin.[5] Sea buckthorn oil is used in some shampoos and other hair care products.

It has sometimes been used as a type of topical medication for skin disorders,[7][8] although there is no high-quality research proving effectiveness or safety of any such uses.[9] Taking sea buckthorn oil as a dietary supplement does not help with eczema.[10]

It has been used in Asian and Russian traditional medicine for centuries.[9] In a few East Asian countries, the fruit pulp oil is put on skin burns.[5]

Research directions

Preliminary research on sea buckthorn oil has been conducted for its potential biological properties, but there is no high-quality evidence as of 2018 that it has any confirmed benefits. Sea buckthorn oil is under preliminary research for its possible effects on blood pressure, cholesterol, and blood triglycerides,[11] and for its use by oral intake to improve antioxidant status by increasing blood levels of beta-carotene and vitamin E.[9][11]

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References
  1. Yang B, Kallio HP (April 2001). "Fatty acid composition of lipids in sea buckthorn (Hippophaë rhamnoides L.) berries of different origins". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 49 (4): 1939–1947. doi:10.1021/jf001059s. ISSN 0021-8561. PMID 11308350.
  2. Andersson SC, Olsson ME, Johansson E, Rumpunen K (January 2009). "Carotenoids in sea buckthorn ( Hippophae rhamnoides L.) berries during ripening and use of pheophytin a as a maturity marker". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 57 (1): 250–8. doi:10.1021/jf802599f. PMID 19125686.
  3. Kallio H, Yang B, Peippo P, Tahvonen R, Pan R (April 2002). "Triacylglycerols, glycerophospholipids, tocopherols, and tocotrienols in berries and seeds of two subspecies (ssp. sinensis and mongolica) of sea buckthorn (Hippophaë rhamnoides)". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 50 (10): 3004–3009. doi:10.1021/jf011556o. ISSN 0021-8561. PMID 11982433.
  4. Yang B, Karlsson RM, Oksman PH, Kallio HP (March 2001). "Phytosterols in sea buckthorn (Hippophaë rhamnoides L.) berries: identification and effects of different origins and harvesting times". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 49 (11): 5620–5629. doi:10.1021/jf010813m. ISSN 0021-8561. PMID 11714369.
  5. Zielińska A, Nowak I (May 2017). "Abundance of active ingredients in sea-buckthorn oil". Lipids in Health and Disease. 16 (1): 95. doi:10.1186/s12944-017-0469-7. PMC 5438513. PMID 28526097.
  6. Bal LM, Meda V, Naik SN, Satya S (2011). "Sea buckthorn berries: a potential source of valuable nutrients for nutraceuticals and cosmoceuticals". Food Research International. 44 (7): 1718–1727. doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2011.03.002. ISSN 0963-9969.
  7. Koskovac M, Cupara S, Kipic M, Barjaktarevic A, Milovanovic O, Kojicic K, Markovic M (2017). "Sea Buckthorn Oil—A Valuable Source for Cosmeceuticals". Cosmetics. 4 (4): 40. doi:10.3390/cosmetics4040040.
  8. "Sea buckthorn". WebMD. 2018. Retrieved 17 February 2018.
  9. "Sea buckthorn". Drugs.com. 2018. Retrieved 17 February 2018.
  10. Bath-Hextall FJ, Jenkinson C, Humphreys R, Williams HC (February 2012). "Dietary supplements for established atopic eczema". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (2): CD005205. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD005205.pub3. PMID 22336810.
  11. Vashishtha V, Barhwal K, Kumar A, Hota SK, Chaurasia OP, Kumar B (October 2017). "Effect of seabuckthorn seed oil in reducing cardiovascular risk factors: A longitudinal controlled trial on hypertensive subjects". Clinical Nutrition. 36 (5): 1231–1238. doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2016.07.013. PMID 27522605.
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