Mergini

The seaducks (Mergini) are a tribe of the duck subfamily of birds, the Anatinae. The taxonomy of this group is incomplete. Some authorities separate the group as a subfamily, others remove some genera from the group and keep others. Most species within the group spend their winters near coastal waters. Many species have developed specialized salt glands to allow them to tolerate salt water but these are poorly developed in juveniles. Some of the species prefer riverine habitats. All but two of the 20 species in this group live in far northern latitudes.

Sea ducks
Harlequin duck, Histrionicus histrionicus (male)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Order:	Anseriformes
Family:	Anatidae
Subfamily:	Anatinae
Tribe:	Mergini Rafinesque, 1815
Genera
Clangula Histrionicus Polysticta †Camptorhynchus Somateria Melanitta Bucephala Mergellus Lophodytes Mergus

The fish-eating members of this group, such as the mergansers and smew, have serrated edges to their bills to help them grip their prey and are often known as "sawbills". Other seaducks forage by diving underwater, taking molluscs or crustaceans from the sea floor. The Mergini take on the eclipse plumage during the late summer and molt into their breeding plumage during the winter.

Species

There are twenty-two species in ten genera:

• Genus Clangula
  • Long-tailed duck (formerly oldsquaw) (Clangula hyemalis)
• Genus Histrionicus
  • Harlequin duck (Histrionicus histrionicus)
• Genus †Camptorhynchus
  • †Labrador duck (Camptorhynchus labradorius) (extinct)
• Genus Polysticta
  • Steller's eider (Polysticta stelleri)
• Genus Somateria, the eiders. These are large marine ducks. The drakes have body plumage showing varying amounts of black and white, and distinctive head patterns. Females are brown.
  • Spectacled eider (Somateria fischeri)
  • Common eider (Somateria mollissima)
  • King eider (Somateria spectabilis)
• Genus Melanitta, the scoters. These are stocky marine ducks. The drakes are mostly black and have swollen bills. Females are brown.
  • Common scoter (Melanitta nigra)
  • Black scoter or American scoter (Melanitta americana) (sometimes considered a subspecies of M. nigra)
  • Velvet scoter (Melanitta fusca)
  • White-winged scoter (Melanitta deglandi) (sometimes considered a subspecies of M. fusca)
  • Surf scoter (Melanitta perspicillata)
• Genus Bucephala, the goldeneyes. These are less marine than some species in this group, and will winter on fresh water. Drakes have white bodies with black backs and distinctive head markings. Females are grey with chestnut heads.
  • Common goldeneye (Bucephala clangula)
  • Barrow's goldeneye (Bucephala islandica)
  • Bufflehead (Bucephala albeola)
• Genus Mergellus (sometimes included in Mergus)
  • Smew (Mergellus albellus)
• Genus Lophodytes (sometimes included in Mergus)
  • Hooded merganser (Lophodytes cucullatus)
• Genus Mergus, the typical mergansers. These are the least marine of this group, only red-breasted and common mergansers being common on the sea. These are large saw-billed ducks which dive for fish.
  • Red-breasted merganser (Mergus serrator)
  • †New Zealand merganser (Mergus australis)
  • Common merganser or goosander (Mergus merganser)
  • Brazilian merganser (Mergus octosetaceus)
  • Scaly-sided merganser (Mergus squamatus)

Below is a phylogeny based on a mitogenomic study of the placement of the Labrador duck and the diving "goose" Chendytes lawi.[1]

Mergini

Clangula hyemalis       Histrionicus histrionicus           Polysticta stelleri     †Camptorhynchus labradorius           Somateria fischeri       Somateria mollissima     Somateria spectabilis                       Melanitta nigra       Melanitta deglandi     Melanitta perspicillata                 Bucephala albeola       Bucephala clangula     Bucephala islandica               Mergellus albellus       Mergus serrator     Lophodytes cucullatus       Mergus merganser       Mergus octosetaceus     Mergus squamatus

References

1. Janet C. Buckner; Ryan Ellingson; David A. Gold; Terry L. Jones; David K. Jacobs (2018). "Mitogenomics supports an unexpected taxonomic relationship for the extinct diving duck Chendytes lawi and definitively places the extinct Labrador Duck". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 122: 102–109. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2017.12.008. PMID 29247849.

• SeaDucks.org - Science and Management Reference