Scott Lilienfeld

Scott O. Lilienfeld (born December 23, 1960)[1] is a professor of psychology at Emory University and advocate for evidence-based treatments and methods within the field.[2][3] He is known for his books 50 Great Myths of Popular Psychology, Brainwashed, and others that explore and sometimes debunk psychological claims that appear in the popular press. Along with having his work featured in major U.S. newspapers and journals such as The New York Times, The New Yorker, and Scientific American, Lilienfeld has made television appearances on 20/20, CNN and the CBS Evening News.[4][5]

Scott O. Lilienfeld
Scott O. Lilienfeld at CSICon 2012
BornDecember 23, 1960[1]
New York City, New York, U.S.[1]
NationalityAmerican
Alma materUniversity of Minnesota
OccupationProfessor, Psychologist
Notable work
50 Great Myths of Popular Psychology

Background

Lilienfeld was born on December 23, 1960 to Ralph and Thelma Lilienfeld of New York, N.Y.[1] Growing up, he was interested in paleontology and astronomy, but decided to study psychology after a high school course, then later a few college courses, piqued his interest. He has stated: "Although my love for natural science never waned, I eventually fell in love with the mysteries of the internal world — the human mind — even more than those of the external world."[6]

Lilienfeld studied psychology at Cornell University in Ithaca, New York, where he graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1982.[7] As an undergraduate, he was influenced by the work of David T. Lykken on psychopathic personality.[6] Over time, he developed an interest in personality disorders, dissociative disorders, personality assessment, anxiety disorders, psychiatric classification, pseudoscience in psychology, and evidence-based practices in clinical psychology.[6][8] Lilienfeld considers himself a generalist, saying "this breadth makes me a better researcher and thinker" with a broad perspective on the field of psychology.[6]

In 1986, he began a clinical internship at Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, which he completed in 1987. He earned a doctorate in clinical psychology from the University of Minnesota in 1990.[5]

From 1990 to 1994, Lilienfeld was an assistant professor of psychology at State University of New York in Albany, NY. From there, he moved to Emory University and served as associate professor until he earned full professorship in 2000.

In 2002, Lilienfeld founded the Scientific Review of Mental Health Practice.[3][9] He is also a consulting editor for Skeptical Inquirer[3] and Skeptic Magazine.[8] He participates on the editorial boards of the Scientific Review of Alternative Medicine, Journal of Abnormal Psychology, Psychological Assessment, Perspectives on Psychological Science and Clinical Psychology Review,[5][8] and writes articles for Scientific American Mind and Psychology Today.[3]

Lilienfeld is currently a professor of psychology at Emory University, Atlanta, GA.[3][7]

Career
Conspiracy Panel at CSICon (Left to right: Ted Goertzel, Dave Thomas, Bob Blaskiewicz, and Scott O. Lilienfeld)

Lilienfeld, along with his colleague Sally Satel, has dedicated much of his career in psychology to debunking "the pop neuroscience that keeps making headlines".[10] They target such practices as functional magnetic resonance imaging (or neuroimaging)[11] to "detect" moral and spiritual centers of the brain,[12][13] which they call "oversimplified neurononsense".[10] Their book Brainwashed: The Seductive Appeal of Mindless Neuroscience was a finalist in the Los Angeles Times Book Prize in Science in 2013.[14] He has stated:

I predict, or at least hope, that the field [of psychology] will move to a more mature and nuanced understanding of the proper role of neuroscience in psychology. This will necessitate understanding that neuroscience can offer valuable insights for certain psychological questions but that different levels of analysis are more fruitful than neuroscience for other questions.[6]

Lilienfeld has written critically about eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR),[15] the use of the Rorschach test to make psychological diagnosis,[2] recovered memory therapy,[16] and misconceptions in autism research, such as the MMR vaccine controversy, noting that "multiple controlled studies conducted on huge international scales have debunked any statistical association between the MMR vaccine and autism", and fad treatments such as facilitated communication.[17][18]

During a James Randi Educational Foundation panel at the 2014 Amaz!ng Meeting, Lilienfeld was asked if he thought rationality could be taught. He responded that rationality and critical thinking are not natural to the human species and to some degree it can be taught, but added that they are very domain specific and may not generalise to other areas; a person can be completely rational in one area and very irrational in others. He said "I see science in many ways as a set of safeguards against confirmation bias", and that, while the structure of general science and the scientific community work to reduce confirmation bias, individual scientists are not generally as susceptible to confirmation bias as other people are. Therefore, he said, "It's up to the scientific community ... to hold their feet to the fire and make sure that their confirmation bias does not get in the way of their corroborating their own hypotheses."[19]

Main article: 50 Great Myths of Popular Psychology

In his book, 50 Great Myths of Popular Psychology: Shattering Widespread Misconceptions about Human Behavior, written with Steven Jay Lynn, John Ruscio and Barry Beyerstein, Lilienfeld examines 50 common myths about psychology and provides readers with a "myth busting kit" to help learn critical thinking skills and understand sources of psychological myths, such as word of mouth, inferring causation from correlation, and misleading film and media portrayals. Lilienfeld argues that there is a large and growing difference between traditional psychology and "pop psychology", and that personal experiences, intuition and common sense fuel pop psychology and are compelling and powerful, but are also "limiting when testing theories... about the brain". He states that hundreds of self-help books are published every year because people want "quick, easy solutions" to their problems.

The book includes such topics as the percent of brain power people use, the use of products such as Baby Einstein in child development, subliminal messaging in advertising, the use of hypnosis for memory retrieval, and symbolism in dreams.[20][21] The 50 myths selected for the book were chosen based on personal experiences by the authors, a publisher survey of dozens of psychology professors who identified commonplace myths among their students, and myths that are "deeply embedded in popular culture", like the polygraph test and the Men Are from Mars, Women Are from Venus myth. The book's appendix includes "recommended websites for exploring psychomythology."[21]

Though Lilienfeld understands that books like the 50 Great Myths will do little to fix people's credulity when it comes to popular myths, he is hopeful that maybe these books will have a 1% effect on changing minds.[3]

Skepticism

Lilienfeld writes and speaks about the need for better communication between skeptic groups, which can be insular, and the general public. He points out that, to debunk a myth, people need some other information to replace it, and that this is an idea skeptics have not always understood. He suggests that "skeptics should become more outspoken" when myths are presented as facts in the media. Instead of ignoring misinformation and thinking "I'm just one voice, what kind of impact can I have?", Lilienfeld supports the idea of empowering people to speak out in their area of expertise. "If everyone spoke out in their field of expertise and wrote to newspapers and television stations, we would eventually have an effect." Lilienfeld cautions that the skeptical community needs to insist on evidence, but always keep an open mind that a claim could possibly be true.[3]

Lilienfeld teaches his students what he calls the "potential warning signs of pseudoscience". Most pseudosciences, Lilienfeld says:

tend to focus more on confirming than on refuting hypotheses, casually invoke ad hoc hypotheses (escape hatches) as a means of immunizing their claims from falsification, lack the self-correcting character of mature sciences, make exaggerated claims that greatly outstrip the evidence, try to evade peer review, insist that only insiders are qualified to evaluate their claims, claim to invent entirely new paradigms out of whole cloth, and so on.[6]

Awards and fellowships

Lectures and appearances

Books
  • Happiness, and Well-Being: Better Living through Psychological Science with Steven J. Lynn and William T. O'Donohue (Sage, 2015)[1] ISBN 978-1-452-20317-1
  • The Encyclopedia of Clinical Psychology (editor) with Robin L. Cauti (John Wiley and Sons, 2015)[1] ISBN 978-1-118-62539-2
  • Brainwashed: The Seductive Appeal of Mindless Neuroscience by Sally Satel, with Scott O. Lilienfeld (Basic Books, 2015) ISBN 978-0-465-06291-1
  • Facts and Fictions in Mental Health with Hal Arkowitz (Wiley Blackwell, 2015) ISBN 978-1-118-31130-1
  • Psychology: Introducing Psychology: Brain, Person, Group with Robin S. Rosenberg, Stephen M. Kosslyn, Steven J. Lynn, Laura L. Namy, Nancy J. Woolf (Pearson Custom Library, 2014) ISBN 978-1-269-29921-3
  • Science and Pseudoscience in Clinical Psychology with Steven Jay Lynn, Jeffrey M. Lohr, Carol Tavris (foreword) (The Guildford Press, 2014) ISBN 978-1-462-51789-3
  • Psychology: From Inquiry to Understanding, Science and Pseudoscience in Clinical Psychology with Steven J. Lynn (Pearson Custom Library, 2010)[4][5] ISBN 978-0-205-96118-4
  • 50 Great Myths of Popular Psychology: Shattering Widespread Misconceptions about Human Behavior with Steven Jay Lynn, John Ruscio, Barry Beyerstein (Wiley-Blackwell, 2009)[5][8] ISBN 978-1-405-13112-4
  • Psychological Science in the Courtroom: Consensus and Controversy (editor) with Jennifer L. Skeem and Kevin S. Douglas (Guilford, 2009) [8] ISBN 978-1-606-23251-4
  • Psychology: A Framework for Everyday Thinking with Steven J. Lynn, Laura L. Namy, Nancy J. Woolf (Pearson, 2009) ISBN 978-0-205-65048-4
  • Study Guide for Psychology: A Framework for Everyday Thinking with Steven J. Lynn, Laura L. Namy, Nancy J. Woolf (Pearson, 2009) ISBN 978-0-205-75717-6
  • Navigating the Mindfield: A Guide to Separating Science from Pseudoscience in Mental Health with John Ruscio, Steven J. Lynn (Prometheus Books, 2008)[4] ISBN 978-1-591-02467-5
  • The Great Ideas of Clinical Science: 17 Principles that Every Mental Health Professional Should Understand with William T. O'Donohue (Routledge, 2006) [8] ISBN 978-0-415-95038-1
  • What's Wrong with the Rorschach? Science Confronts the Controversial Inkblot Test with James M. Wood, M. Teresa Nezworski and Howard N. Garb (Jossey-Bass, 2003) [8] 978-0-787-96056-8
  • Science and Pseudoscience in Clinical Psychology (editor) with Steven Jay Lynn and Jeffrey M. Lohr (Guildford, 2002) [5][8] ISBN 978-1-593-85070-8
  • Looking into Abnormal Psychology: Contemporary Readings (Wadsworth Publishing, 1998)[8] ISBN 978-0-534-35416-9
  • Seeing Both Sides: Classic Controversies in Abnormal Psychology (Psychology Series) (Wadsworth Publishing, 1994)[8] ISBN 978-0-534-25134-5

Selected articles
  • "The Ethical Duty to Know: Facilitated Communication for Autism as a Tragic Case Example" (March, 2016)[26]
  • "The 'immature teen brain' defense and the Dzhokhar Tsarnaev trial" with Sally Satel (May 2015)[27]
  • "The adolescent brain defense: The Tsarnaev death sentence and beyond" with Sally Satel (May 2015)[28]
  • "Science debunks fad autism theories, but that doesn't dissuade believers" (March 2015)[17]
  • "EMDR: Taking a closer look" with Hal Arkowitz (December 2007)[29]
  • "Is there really an autism epidemic?" with Hal Arkowitz (December, 2007)[30]
  • "Why scientists shouldn't be surprised by the popularity of intelligent design" (May/June 2006)[31]
  • "The scientific status of projective techniques" with James M. Wood and Howard N. Garb (November, 2000)[2][32]


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References
  1. "Lilienfeld, Scott O. 1960–". Contemporary Authors Online. Gale. 2006. Archived from the original on 2018-11-14. Retrieved August 3, 2015.
  2. Goode, Erica (February 20, 2001). "What's in an inkblot? Some say, not much". The New York Times (Late Edition - Final). p. 1, Section F, column 1. Retrieved 29 July 2015.
  3. Stollznow, Karen (March 19, 2010). "Scott Lilienfeld - Real Self-Help". Point of Inquiry. Retrieved 29 July 2015.
  4. Anonymous (March 18, 2009). "School News". Citizens' Voice. Wilkes-Barre, PA. p. T.20.
  5. "Scott Lilienfeld". Center for Inquiry. Retrieved 30 July 2015.
  6. "The Champions of Psychological Science". Observer. 23 (8). October 2010. Retrieved 3 August 2015.
  7. "Scott O. Lilienfeld". Emory University. Retrieved 30 July 2015.
  8. "Scott O. Lilienfeld, PhD". Institute for Science in Medicine. Institute for Science in Medicine, Inc. Retrieved 30 July 2015.
  9. Lilienfeld, Scott O. (Spring–Summer 2002). "The Scientific Review of Mental Health Practice: Our Raison d'Etre". The Scientific Review of Mental Health Practice. 1 (1). Retrieved 30 July 2015.
  10. Zuger, Abigail (July 30, 2013). "Guides to a Journey into the Brain [Review]". The New York Times (Late Edition (East Coast)). New York, N.Y. p. D.2.
  11. Satel, Sally; Lilienfeld, Scott O. (June 30, 2013). "Observer: New Review: Discover: Is human behavior all in the brain - or the mind?: Neuroimaging is widely regarded as the key to understanding human behavior, explaining everything from criminal activity to why we vote the way we do. But, in their controversial new book, Brainwashed, Sally Satel and Scott O. Lilienfeld argue that this approach is not only misguided, it is dangerous". The Observer. London, UK. p. 20. Retrieved 29 July 2015.
  12. Hutson, Matthew (June 12, 2013). "Lite-Brite Phrenology". Wall Street Journal (Eastern Edition). p. A.15. Retrieved 29 July 2015.
  13. Brooks, David (June 18, 2013). "Beyond the Brain". The New York Times (Late Edition - East Coast). New York, N.Y. p. A.25. Retrieved 29 July 2015.
  14. "National Book Festival: Science schedule: authors include Amanda Ripley, Sally Satel, Paul Bogard, Lynn Sherr, Eric H. Cline, David Sibley, Michia Kaku". The Washington Post. August 22, 2014. Retrieved 29 July 2015.
  15. Boodman, Sandra G. (October 30, 2001). "EMDR, In the eye of the storm; volunteers offer a controversial trauma therapy to Sept. 11 survivors". The Washington Post. Washington, D.C. p. F.01. Retrieved 29 July 2015.
  16. "The Informed Reader/Insights and Items of Interest from Other Sources". Wall Street Journal (Eastern Edition). New York, N.Y. October 12, 2007. p. B.5.
  17. Lilienfeld, Scott O. (March 5, 2015). "Science debunks fad autism theories, but that doesn't dissuade believers". The Conversation. The Conversation US, Inc. Retrieved 3 August 2015.
  18. Scott O. Lilienfeld, Julia Marshalla, James T. Todd & Howard C. Shanec (2 Feb 2015). "The persistence of fad interventions in the face of negative scientific evidence: Facilitated communication for autism as a case example". Evidence-Based Communication Assessment and Intervention. 8 (2): 62–101. doi:10.1080/17489539.2014.976332.CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
  19. "Can Rationality be Taught?". JREF. JREF. Retrieved August 1, 2015.
  20. Dalrymple, Marilyn (October 16, 2009). "Brain Profits: Psychology Myths Cost Consumers $100 Million+". McClatchy-Tribune Business News. Washington.
  21. Anonymous (May 3, 2010). "50 Great Myths of Popular Psychology". McClatchy-Tribune Business News. Washington.
  22. Gerbic, Susan (2018-02-09). "Skeptical Adventures in Europe, Part 2". www.csicop.org. Committee for skeptical inquiry. Retrieved 29 April 2018.
  23. "TAM 2014 - Panel - The Psychology of Pseudoscience in Medicine". James Randi Foundation. September 17, 2014. Retrieved 3 August 2015.
  24. Amarante, Joe (March 15, 2014). "Wally Lamb to read from latest 'We Are Water' at Quinnipiac University". McClatchy - Tribune Business News. Washington.
  25. Stollznow, Karen (March–April 2012). "CSICon New Orleans 2011 - Critical Thinking in the Crescent City". Skeptical Inquirer. 36 (2). Retrieved 3 August 2015.
  26. Lilienfeld, Scott. "The Ethical Duty to Know: Facilitated Communication for Autism as a Tragic Case Example". The Neuroethics Blog. Emory Center for Ethics. Retrieved 22 July 2019.
  27. Satel, Sally; Lilienfeld, Scott O. (May 7, 2015). "The 'immature teen brain' defense and the Dzhokhar Tsarnaev trial". The Washington Post. Retrieved 9 July 2015.
  28. Satel, Sally; Lilienfeld, Scott O. (May 18, 2015). "The adolescent brain defense: The Tsarnaev death sentence and beyond". The Washington Post. Retrieved 9 July 2015.
  29. Lilienfeld, Scott O.; Arkowitz, Hal (December 6, 2007). "EMDR: Taking a closer look". Scientific American. 17 (4): 10–11. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican1207-10sp.
  30. Lilienfeld, Scott O.; Arkowitz, Hal (December 6, 2007). "Is there really an autism epidemic?". Scientific American. 17 (4): 58–61. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican1207-58sp.
  31. Lilienfeld, Scott O. (May–June 2006). "Why Scientists Shouldn't Be Surprised by the Popularity of Intelligent Design". Skeptical Inquirer. 30 (3). Retrieved 3 August 2015.
  32. Lilienfeld, Scott O.; Wood, James M.; Garb, Howard N. (November 2000). "The Scientific Status of Projective Techniques". Psychological Science in the Public Interest. 1 (2): 27–66. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.113.4433. doi:10.1111/1529-1006.002. PMID 26151980.
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