Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms

The Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS) is a rating scale to measure negative symptoms in schizophrenia. Negative symptoms are those which are conspicuous by their absence, lack of concern for one's appearance, and lack of language and communication skills, for example. The scale was developed by Nancy Andreasen and was first published in 1984. SANS is split into 5 domains, and within each domain separate symptoms are rated from 0 (absent) to 5 (severe). The scale is closely linked to the Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms (SAPS) which was published a few years later. These tools are made available for clinicians and for research purposes.

Background

Schizophrenia is a severe mental illness that is characterized by a range of behaviors including hallucinations and delusions. Hallucinations refer to disorders involving the sensory systems, and are most often manifested as seeing or hearing things (e.g., voices) that do not exist. Delusions include odd or unusual beliefs such as grandiosity or paranoia. Both hallucinations and delusions are inconsistent with reality. Other symptoms of schizophrenia include bizarre behavior, odd posture or movements, facial grimacing, loss of, or indifference to self-help skills (grooming, washing, toileting, feeding, etc.). Schizophrenia may also be marked by a host of social and communication deficits, such as social withdrawal, odd use of language, including excessive use of made up words (neologisms), incomprehensible combinations of words (word salad) or overall poverty of speech. The symptoms are often classified into two broad categories: positive and negative symptoms. Positive symptoms refer to those behaviors or condition that are present in schizophrenia but that are not present under typical conditions (hallucinations, delusions). Negative symptoms refer to those behaviors that are conspicuous because of their absence (grooming, language, communication). Several measures or rating scales have been developed to assess the positive and negative aspects of schizophrenia.

Items

Affective Flattening or Blunting
  • Unchanging Facial Expression
  • Decreased Spontaneous Movements
  • Paucity of Expressive Gestures
  • Poor Eye Contact
  • Affective Nonresponsivity
  • Lack of Vocal Inflections
  • Global Rating of Affective Flattening
  • Inappropriate Affect

Alogia
  • Poverty of Speech
  • Poverty of Content of Speech
  • Blocking
  • Increased Latency of Response
  • Global Rating of Alogia

Avolition - Apathy
  • Grooming and Hygiene
  • Impersistence at Work or School
  • Physical Anergia
  • Global Rating of Avolition - Apathy

Anhedonia - Asociality
  • Recreational Interests and Activities
  • Sexual Interest and Activity
  • Ability to Feel Intimacy and Closeness
  • Relationships with Friends and Peers
  • Global Rating of Anhedonia-Asociality

Attention
  • Social Inattentiveness
  • Inattentiveness During Mental Status Testing
  • Global Rating of Attention
  • Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms (SAPS)

See also

References

Andreasen NC: Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS) . Iowa City, University of Iowa, 1984;

Andreasen NC. Negative symptoms in schizophrenia. Definition and reliability Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1982 Jul;39(7):784-8. PMID 7165477

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