Sao civilisation

The Sao civilisation (also called So) flourished in Central Africa from ca. the fourth or sixth century BC to as late as the sixteenth century AD.[1] The Sao lived by the Chari River basin in territory that later became part of Cameroon and Chad. They are the earliest people to have left clear traces of their presence in the territory of modern Cameroon.[2] Sometime around the 16th century, conversion to Islam changed the cultural identity of the former Sao. Today, several ethnic groups of northern Cameroon and southern Chad, but particularly the Sara, Kotoko, claim descent from the civilization of the Sao.

Terracotta Sao statuette

Origins

The Sao civilisation began as early as the sixth or fourth century BC, and by the end of the first millennium BC, their presence was well established around Lake Chad and near the Chari River.[3] The city states of the Sao reached their apex sometime between the ninth and fifteenth centuries AD.[3][1]

Although some scholars estimate that the Sao civilization south of Lake Chad lasted until the fourteenth or fifteenth century, the majority opinion is that it ceased to exist as a separate culture sometime in the 16th century subsequently to the expansion of the Bornu Empire.[4] The Kotoko are the inheritors of the former city states of the Sao.[5]

Culture

It had been suggested that the Sao were the descendants of the Hyksos who conquered Ancient Egypt and that they moved south from the Nile valley into middle Africa in several waves under pressure from invaders, or that they originated in the Bilma Oasis north of the lake Chad.[6] A more widely accepted theory is that the Sao were simply the indigenous inhabitants of the Lake Chad basin and that their ultimate origins lie south of the lake.[7] And recent archaeological research indicates that the Sao civilization developed indigenously from earlier cultures in the region (such as the Gajiganna culture, which began at around 1,800 BCE and began to build fortified towns by about 800 BCE), gradually increasing in complexity.[8][9][10][11] Sao artifacts show that they were a sophisticated civilization working in bronze, copper, and iron.[12][1] Finds include bronze sculptures and terra cotta statues of human and animal figures, coins, funerary urns, household utensils, jewelry, highly decorated pottery, and spears.[13] The largest Sao archaeological finds have been made south of Lake Chad.

G. T. Stride presented these important facts about the Sao civilization.

,,[T]he So people possessed considerable political and artistic genius. Although they never combined effectively to form an empire, they developed city-states which were the centres of intense local patriotism.

Each city was surrounded by strong defensive walls and dominated the life of the surrounding countryside which it both protected and governed. Government was by an elaborate hierarchy, headed by a divine

ruler ... Except on ceremonial occasions, the rulers made few public appearances and even then remained concealed from the common gaze by a screen. Women occupied a respected position in society and

the Queen Mother and senior sister of the ruler exercised considerable political influence on the government of the states. The So people were mainly settled farmers but among them were craftsmen of

considerable industrial and artistic merit. They were able to work in both clay and metals to manufacture household utensils, tools, and works of art for religious purposes. Impressive objects found by archaeologists

include burial urns and ... figures of animals and human beings both in clay and bronze. All this had been achieved ... before about A. D. 700 ... The vigour of the government and civilization is best demonstrated by

their long resistance to the empires of Kanem and Bornu [sic] and the fact that many cultural characteristics of the Kanuri [were later] adopted from the So."[14]

Ethnic groups in the Lake Chad basin, such as the Buduma, Gamergu, Kanembu, Kotoko, and Musgum claim descent from the Sao. Lebeuf supports this connection and has traced symbolism from Sao art in works by the Guti and Tukuri subgroups of the Logone-Birni people.[15] Oral histories add further details about the people: The Sao were made up of several patrilineal clans who were united into a single polity with one language, race, and religion. In these narratives, the Sao are presented as giants and mighty warriors who fought and conquered their neighbors.[7]

Notes
  1. Walker, Robin, 1967-. When we ruled : the ancient and mediæval history of black civilisations. Rashidi, Runoko,, Supiya, Fari,. Baltimore. ISBN 978-1-58073-045-7. OCLC 767703102.CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  2. Hudgens and Trillo 1051.
  3. DeLancey and DeLancey 237.
  4. Insoll, Archaeology, 281; Fanso, History, 18.
  5. Lebeuf, Principautés, 53-120.
  6. Fanso, History, 15-19.
  7. Fanso 18.
  8. Augustin FC (2006). "Pathways to Complexity: The Rise and Demise of a Chadic Polity". Gefame: Journal of African Studies. 3.
  9. Breunig P, Nüsse M, Franke G (2008). "Early sculptural traditions in West Africa: New evidence from the Chad Basin of north-eastern Nigeria". Antiquity. 82: 423–437. doi:10.1017/S0003598X00096915.
  10. Magnavita C, Breunig P, Ameje J, Posselt M (2006). "Zilum: a mid-first millennium BC fortified settlement". Journal of African Archaeology. 4: 153–169.
  11. Breunig P, Neumann K, Van Neer W (1996). "New Research on the Holocene Settlement and Environment of the Chad Basin in Nigeria". African Archaeological Review. 13: 111–145.
  12. Fanso 19.
  13. Fanso 19; Hudgens and Trillo 1051.
  14. Stride, George T. (1971). Peoples and Empires of West Africa; West Africa in History, 1000-1800. Holmes & Meier Pub; 1st Edition edition (June 1, 1971). pp. 113–115. ISBN 978-0841900691.
  15. Lebeuf, Principautés, 137-173; Fanso, History, 19.
gollark: It doesn't seem very meaningful.
gollark: Okay, I kind of understand that sentence but not really? It seems to just be a convoluted way to say "lots of possible things could happen, but in one... universe or something... only a smaller amount of them can, so the weird thing you just encountered is a thing which might have happened but didn't and should be ignored".
gollark: Ah, the least infinite infinity.
gollark: ℵ-null is one of the very infinite infinities, right?
gollark: CEASE your typical mind fallacies.

References
  • Walker, Robin (2011): When We Ruled: The Ancient and Mediaeval History of Black Civilisations.
  • DeLancey, Mark W., and Mark Dike DeLancey (2000). Historical Dictionary of the Republic of Cameroon (3rd ed.). Lanham, Maryland: The Scarecrow Press.
  • Fanso, V. G. (1989). Cameroon History for Secondary Schools and Colleges, Vol. 1: From Prehistoric Times to the Nineteenth Century. Hong Kong: Macmillan Education Ltd.
  • Hudgens, Jim, and Richard Trillo (1999). West Africa: The Rough Guide. 3rd ed. London: Rough Guides Ltd.
  • Insoll, Timothy (2003: The Archaeology of Islam in Sub-Saharan Africa, Cambridge.
  • Lebeuf, Annie: Les principautés kotoko, Paris 1969.
  • Lebeuf, Jean-Paul,and Annie Masson Detourbet (1950). La civilization du Tchad, Paris.
  • Levtzion, Nehemia, and John Hopkins (1981). Corpus of Early Arabic Sources for West African History, Cambridge.
  • Palmer, Herbert R. (1928): Sudanese Memoirs, 3 vols., Lagos.
  • West, Ben (2004). Cameroon: The Bradt Travel Guide. Guilford, Connecticut: The Globe Pequot Press Inc.
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