San Martín Pajapan Monument 1

San Martín Pajapan Monument 1 is a large Olmec basalt sculpture found on top of the San Martin Pajapan volcano, in the Tuxtla Mountains of the Mexican state of Veracruz. It is notable for its original location and its Olmec iconography.

Not all monumental art was associated with towns or villages - San Martin Pajapan Monument 1 was found at the peak of a dormant volcano.

Description

Likely carved during the Early Formative period, before 1000 BCE, the 1.4 m (5.5 ft) high statue shows a crouching young lord. Caught in the act of raising a large ceremonial bar, his right hand is under one end and his left over the other end. This pose, nearly identical to that of the "twins" at El Azuzul, is thought to represent a ruler or shaman (or both) shown in the ritual act of raising the Mesoamerican world tree or axis mundi, an act that establishes the center of the world and connects the earthly plane with the worlds above and below.[1]

The plump face is proto-typically Olmec, with "no attempt to represent individuality".[2]

The young lord wears a huge boxy headdress, the front of which is covered with what is apparently a mask.[3] The mask shows the cleft head, the almond eyes, and the downturned mouth characteristic of the Olmec were-jaguar supernatural, implying that the human had become, or was acting under the authority and/or the protection of, the supernatural.[4]

Plumes flow backward along the sides of the headdress. From its top, vegetation – perhaps maize – is sprouting. This were-jaguar mask is identified with the Olmec rain god,[5] and the iconography and the location of the statue reflect the widespread Mesoamerican belief in mountaintops as the dwelling of rain gods.[6]

Archaeological discovery
The original location of the San Martin Pajapan Monument 1 in the context of the Olmec heartland. The yellow dots represent ancient habitation sites, while the red dots represent isolated artifact finds unassociated with any ancient town or village.

The sculpture was first identified by surveyor Ismael Loya in 1897 and re-discovered by Frans Blom and Oliver La Farge in their expedition of 1925.[7] Located on a platform or "level" in the saddle between the two highest peaks of volcano's crater rim,[8] the statue was found surrounded by broken offering vessels, jade offerings, and numerous other objects, dating from ancient times to the 20th century, indicating it had been an object of veneration for millennia.[9] These offerings and the statue itself served to identify the San Martin Pajapan mountaintop as a sacred landscape.[10]

Although well preserved, the face had been particularly ravaged, perhaps intentionally.[11] The statue was further damaged in 1897, when Loya broke off part of the arms trying to move it.[12] The statue, except for the face, has since largely been restored.

In 1929, Marshall Seville, from the Museum of the American Indian in New York, associated the statue with other unattributed artifacts in various collections, based on stylistic similarities and a common iconography. Since it was unlikely the statue had been moved far since its original site, Seville proposed that this "Olmec" artistic style (as he referred to it) originated in southern Veracruz.[13]

The monument is on display at the Museo de Antropología de Xalapa in Veracruz.

Notes
  1. Pool, p. 118-119 and 143.
  2. Fuente, p. 162.
  3. Diehl, p. 123, or Markham & Markham, p. 20.
  4. Fuente, p. 162, who refers further to a 1977 publication of hers.
  5. Markham and Markham, p. 20.
  6. Pool, p. 123.
  7. Blom and La Farge.
  8. Blom and La Farge, p. 46.
  9. Diehl, p. 81.
  10. Pool, p. 123.
  11. Fuente, p. 162.
  12. Blom & LaFarge, p. 45.
  13. Coe, p. 42.
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References
Blom, Frans; Oliver La Farge (1926–27). Tribes and Temples: A Record of the Expedition to Middle America Conducted by the Tulane University of Louisiana in 1925, 2 vols. Tulane University, Middle American Research Institute Publication, no. 1. New Orleans, LA: Tulane University. ISBN 0-939238-02-0. OCLC 39094976.
Coe, Michael D. (1968). America's First Civilization. Richard B. Woodbury (consultant). New York: American Heritage, in association with the Smithsonian Institution; distributed by Van Nostrand (Princeton, NJ). OCLC 451758.
Diehl, Richard (2004). The Olmecs: America's First Civilization. Ancient peoples and places series. London: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 0-500-02119-8. OCLC 56746987.
Fuente, Beatriz de la (1996). "San Martín Pajapan Monument 1 - Crouching Figure with Headdress and Ceremonial Bar". In Elizabeth P. Benson; Beatriz de la Fuente (eds.). Olmec Art of Ancient Mexico. To accompany an exhibition at the National Gallery of Art, Washington, June 30 to Oct. 20, 1996. Washington D.C.: National Gallery of Art. pp. 162–163. ISBN 0-89468-250-4. OCLC 34357584.
Markman, Peter T.; Roberta H. Markman (1989). Masks of the Spirit: Image and Metaphor in Mesoamerica. with an introduction by Joseph Campbell. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-06418-6. OCLC 20170790.
Pool, Christopher A. (2007). Olmec Archaeology and Early Mesoamerica. Cambridge World Archaeology. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-78882-3. OCLC 68965709.
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