Salting out

Salting out (also known as salt-induced precipitation, salt fractionation, anti-solvent crystallization, precipitation crystallization, or drowning out)[1] is an effect based on the electrolyte–non-electrolyte interaction, in which the non-electrolyte could be less soluble at high salt concentrations. It is used as a method of purification for proteins, as well as preventing protein denaturation due to excessively diluted samples during experiments.[2] The salt concentration needed for the protein to precipitate out of the solution differs from protein to protein. This process is also used to concentrate dilute solutions of proteins. Dialysis can be used to remove the salt if needed.

For the abortion method, see Instillation abortion.

Principle

Salt compounds dissociate in aqueous solutions. This property is exploited in the process of salting out. When the salt concentration is increased, some of the water molecules are attracted by the salt ions, which decreases the number of water molecules available to interact with the charged part of the protein.

There are hydrophobic amino acids and hydrophilic amino acids in protein molecules. After protein folding in aqueous solution, hydrophobic amino acids usually form protected hydrophobic areas while hydrophilic amino acids interact with the molecules of solvation and allow proteins to form hydrogen bonds with the surrounding water molecules. If enough of the protein surface is hydrophilic, the protein can be dissolved in water.

When salt is added to the solution, there is more frequent interaction between solvent molecules and salt ions. As a result, the protein and salt ions compete to interact with the solvent molecules with the result that there are fewer solvent molecules available for interaction with the protein molecules than before. The protein–protein interactions thus become stronger than the solvent–solute interactions and the protein molecules associate by forming hydrophobic interactions with each other. After dissociation in a given solvent, the negatively charged atoms from a chosen salt begin to compete for interactions with positively charged molecules present in the solution. Similarly, the positively charged cations compete for interactions with the negatively charged molecules of the solvent. This process is known as salting out.

Soaps are easily precipitated by concentrated salt solution, the metal ion in the salt reacts with the fatty acids forming back the soap and glycerol.

Application

As different proteins have different compositions of amino acids, different protein molecules precipitate at different concentrations of salt solution.

Unwanted proteins can be removed from a protein solution mixture by salting out as long as the solubility of the protein in various concentrations of salt solution is known. After removing the precipitate by filtration or centrifugation, the desired protein can be precipitated by altering the salt concentration to the level at which the desired protein becomes insoluble.

One demerit of salting out in purification of proteins is that, in addition to precipitating a specific protein of interest, contaminants are also precipitated as well. Thus to obtain a purer protein of interest, additional purification methods such as ion exchange chromatography may be required.[3]

See also

• Ionic strength
• Protein precipitation
• Salting in
• Ammonium sulfate precipitation
• Hofmeister series

References

1. Genck, Wayne. "Make The Most of Antisolvent Crystallization". Retrieved 3 August 2011.
2. Garret, Reginald (2013). Biochemistry. Belmont: Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning.
3. Duong-Ly, Krisna (25 March 2014). Salting out of Proteins Using Ammonium Sulfate Precipitation. Methods in Enzymology. 541. pp. 85–94. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-420119-4.00007-0. ISBN 9780124201194. PMID 24674064.

• Physical biochemistry, David Sheehan, Wiley Blackwell(2009) p 285
• Miller, S. A.; Dykes, D. D.; Polesky, H. F. (1988). "A simple salting out procedure for extracting DNA from human nucleated cells". Nucleic Acids Research. 16 (3): 1215. doi:10.1093/nar/16.3.1215. PMC 334765. PMID 3344216.
• C. Beldie Activity coefficients in ternary systems : non-electrolyte – water – electrolyte, Revue Roum. Chim. 15, 221–228, 1970

External links

• Make The Most of Antisolvent Crystallization
• Salting out on UC Davis ChemWiki