Salminus brasiliensis

Salminus brasiliensis (dourado, dorado, golden dorado, river tiger or jaw characin) is a large, predatory characiform freshwater fish found in central and east-central South America.[1] Despite having Salminus in its name, the dorado is not related to any species of salmon,[2] nor to the saltwater fish also called dorado. It is very popular among recreational anglers and supports large commercial fisheries.[3]

Dorado
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Actinopterygii
Order:	Characiformes
Family:	Characidae
Genus:	Salminus
Species:	S. brasiliensis
Binomial name
Salminus brasiliensis (G. Cuvier, 1816)
Synonyms
Salminus cuvieri Valenciennes, 1850 Salminus maxillosus Valenciennes, 1850 Salminus orbignyanus Valenciennes, 1850

Name

"Dorado", both in the name of the fish and other uses such as the El Dorado legend, originates from the Latin word for gold, auratus (later modified into dauratus in Vulgar Latin, and subsequently oro in Spanish and ouro in Portuguese).

The Portuguese word dourado and Spanish dorado both mean "golden" and is applied to the fish due to its color displaying golden reflections.

Description

The golden dorado has a large head, with powerful jaws filled with sharp teeth.[2] Adults are yellow-golden in color, but immatures are more silvery.[4] Immatures (to a lesser extent adults) resemble Brycon hilarii and Salminus hilarii.[4][5] It reaches maturity around 37 cm (15 in) long. The average size of the golden dorado is about 3–10 kg (6.6–22.0 lb). The largest recorded size is 1.3 m (51 in) in length and 34 kg (75 lb) in weight.[6] Females grow considerably larger than males, but otherwise the sexes are similar.[4] It is the largest scaled freshwater fish in the Río de la Plata Basin (the only fish that can surpass it in size are certain river stingrays and catfish; both scaleless).[4]

Distribution, habitat and life cycle

A golden dorado in Bonito, Pantanal, Brazil (four superficially similar Brycon hilarii in the background, a species mimicked by juvenile golden dorados)[5]

The golden dorado is native to warm freshwater habitats in southern Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay, Bolivia and northern Argentina. Here it inhabits the Paraguay (including the Pantanal), Paraná, Uruguay, Chapare, Mamoré and Guaporé River basins, and the drainage of the Lagoa dos Patos.[1][7] Outside its native range, the golden dorado has been introduced to several southeast Brazilian river basins, notably Doce, Paraíba do Sul, Iguazu and Guaraguaçu.[8]

Other South American river basins hold relatives of this species: S. franciscanus in the São Francisco Basin, S. hilarii in the upper Paraná, Amazon and Orinoco basins, and S. affinis in the Santiago and Magdalena basins in Ecuador and Colombia.[9]

The golden dorado generally prefers water temperatures between 20 and 28 °C (68–82 °F).[2] It is migratory in response to temperature, season and food sources, and moves upstream, typically about 400 km (250 mi), to spawn in the spring and summer.[4] It is generally a solitary species, but migrates in groups.[4] The females reach maturity when 4–5 years old and can lay up to 2 million eggs,[4] which are released near the water surface.[2] Golden dorados can reach an age of more than 15 years.[4]

Diet

A golden dorado in Bonito, Pantanal, Brazil (a streaked prochilod, one of its favorite prey items,[2] in the background)

The golden dorado is the apex predator in its freshwater habitat.[5] They are primarily piscivores, eating a wide variety of fish, but have also been recorded feeding on large insects, crustaceans and small vertebrates (for example, rodents, lizards and birds).[1][4] One of the adult dorado's favorite prey is the streaked prochilod (Prochilodus lineatus), a species of schooling fish that also is migratory.[2]

In the larval stage, golden dorados feed on plankton.[2] As they grow larger, they switch to insects and small fish.[2] At up to 30 cm (12 in) long, juveniles are aggressive mimics of Brycon hilarii in both general shape and color, often staying near schools of this frugivorous species to be able to surprise smaller prey fish such as Astyanax and Moenkhausia tetras.[5] In contrast, adult dorados have been known to eat Brycon hilarii.[5]

Status

The golden dorado has declined because of overfishing and dams, which restricts its breeding migration.[4] It is listed as a threatened species in Rio Grande do Sul in Brazil[4] and in Paraguay; in the latter country, a five-year fishing ban was put into effect.[10]

In contrast, the golden dorado has been introduced for fishing to several rivers outside its native range.[8] Being a large highly predatory species, this represents a serious threat to the native fish in these rivers.[8]

Fishing

The golden dorado is highly sought-after by anglers, both for its appreciated meat and its fighting ability. The aggressive nature of the dorado, its high jumps, fighting strength and stamina have created a competitive market among anglers from all corners of the world, traversing South American waters in hopes of hooking a dorado.

Dorado caught with fly tackle - São Paulo state, Brazil

From the 2000s onwards, the dorado has been increasingly recognized as a fly-fishing targeted species. Its aggressive behavior and initiative taking flies as an active predator, paired with great fight energy, frequently going airborne in the attempt to loosen itself from the hook, make this species a true gamefish.

This fish usually takes flies both on surface and sub-surface and anglers tend to make use of heavier fly tackle (#6 and up, reaching #12 in some places) for placing bulky flies which are seen to be more attractive for the Dorado.

Also often used by fly fishermen are Intermediate and Sinking-Tip fly lines once the species feeds on fast currents. The Dorado is an avid hunter but can be a lazy chaser. Anglers make use of either very slow or very fast movement of the flies to spark attacks by the dorado, depending on the region and season, denoting a gregarious behavior and ambush feeding strategy. It would not move after prey and attack passing-by fish or react only when the prey are in deliberate attempt to escape.

Shiny, flashy material is very attractive to this fish, which led to the development of flies with lots of shiny, colorful material, or in opposition, dark or black ones suggesting lesser visual accuracy of the species.

Fly fishermen use minnow-like flies, streamers and other fish-imitating flies, but the preference of the fish for big-sized flies that swim below the surface originated a specific pattern - the Andino Deceiver.

Dorado caught in a blue/white clouser minnow

Due to the Dorado's very sharp teeth, anglers use steel wire or fluorocarbon monofilament bite tippets, to avoid the fish cutting the line.

Culinary preparation

Golden Dorados are excellent to eat and are often barbecued with tomatoes and bell peppers. Often utilized in the making of fish soups they are also popularly fried in South America. The Dorado has a white flaky flesh with a notably high fat content.

References

1. Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2017). "Salminus brasiliensis" in FishBase. February 2017 version.
2. Miles, P.A. (24 September 2014; updated 29 November 2016). Dorado. GlobalFlyFisher. Retrieved 28 February 2017.
3. Lima, F. C. T., and H. A. Britski (2007). Salminus franciscanus, a new species from the rio São Francisco basin, Brazil (Ostariophysi: Characiformes: Characidae) Neotrop. Ichthyol. 5(3).
4. Pantanal Escapes: Dorado. Retrieved 28 February 2017.
5. Bessa, Carvalho, Sabino, and Tomazzelli (2011). Juveniles of the piscivorous dourado Salminus brasiliensis mimic the piraputanga Brycon hilarii as an alternative predation tactic. Neotrop. Ichthyol. 9(2).
6. Fishing World-records: Salminus brasiliensis. Retrieved 25 February 2017.
7. Ziegler, M.F. (29 April 2013). Estudo descobre 78 novas espécies de peixes no Rio Madeira. Ultimosegundo.com. Retrieved 28 February 2017.
8. Vitule, Bornatowski, Freire, and Abilhoa (2014). Extralimital introductions of Salminus brasiliensis (Cuvier, 1816) (Teleostei, Characidae) for sport fishing purposes: a growing challenge for the conservation of biodiversity in neotropical aquatic ecosystems. BioInvasions Records 3(4): 291–296. doi:10.3391/bir.2014.3.4.11
9. Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2017). Species of Salminus in FishBase. February 2017 version.
10. Law Number 3191/07, Which prohibits the fishing, extraction, collecting and stocking for ulterior commercialization of the species Salminus maxillosus, of common name Dorado fish. Archived 2011-10-04 at the Wayback Machine (MS Word Document) (In Spanish). Retrieved on 20 November 2010.