Sales (accounting)

In bookkeeping, accounting, and finance, Net sales are operating revenues earned by a company for selling its products or rendering its services. Also referred to as revenue, they are reported directly on the income statement as Sales or Net sales.

In financial ratios that use income statement sales values, "sales" refers to net sales, not gross sales. Sales are the unique transactions that occur in professional selling or during marketing initiatives.

Revenue is earned when goods are delivered or services are rendered.[1] The term sales in a marketing, advertising or a general business context often refers to a free in which a buyer has agreed to purchase some products at a set time in the future. From an accounting standpoint, sales do not occur until the product is delivered. "Outstanding orders" refers to sales orders that have not been filled.

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A sale is a transfer of property for money or credit.[2] In double-entry bookkeeping, a sale of merchandise is recorded in the general journal as a debit to cash or accounts receivable and a credit to the sales account.[3] The amount recorded is the actual monetary value of the transaction, not the list price of the merchandise. A discount from list price might be noted if it applies to the sale.

Fees for services are recorded separately from sales of merchandise, but the bookkeeping transactions for recording "sales" of services are similar to those for recording sales of tangible goods.


Gross sales and net sales

General Journal - Merchandise return example
Date Description of entry Debit Credit
8-7 Sales Returns and Allowances 20.00
  Accounts Receivable 20.00
Full credit for customer return of merchandise purchased on account.
8-7 Inventory 15.00
  Cost of Goods Sold 15.00
Restore returned merchandise to inventory.

Gross sales are the sum of all sales during a time period. Net sales are gross sales minus sales returns, sales allowances, and sales discounts. Gross sales do not normally appear on an income statement. The sales figures reported on an income statement are net sales.[4]

  • sales returns are refunds to customers for returned merchandise / credit notes
  • debit notes
  • sales journal entries non-current, current batch processed transactions predictive analytics in strategic management/administration/governance research metaframeworks
  • sales allowances are reductions in sales price for merchandise with minor defects, the allowance agreed upon after the customer has purchased the merchandise (see also credit note)
  • sales discounts allowed are reduced payments from the customer based on invoice payment terms such as 2/10, n/30 (2% discount if paid within 10 days, net invoice total due in 30 days)
  • interest received for amounts in arrears
  • inc/exc amounts capital goods&services, non-capital goods&services input valued added tax, with cost of non-capital goods sold

input vat - output vat

sales of portfolio items and capital gains taxes


Sales Returns and Allowances and Sales Discounts are contra-revenue accounts.

In a survey of nearly 200 senior marketing managers, 70 percent responded that they found the "sales total" metric very useful.[5]

General Journal - Sales discount example
Date Description of entry Debit Credit
9-1 Accounts Receivable (Customer A) 500.00
  Sales 500.00
Merchandise sale on account, terms 2/10, n/30.
9-7 Cash 490.00
Sales Discounts 10.00
  Accounts Receivable (Customer A) 500.00
A/R paid by Customer A, taking a 2% discount.


Revenue or Sales reported on the income statement are net sales after deducting Sales Returns and Allowances and Sales Discounts.

Revenue:
Sales $2,000.00
Less Sales returns and allowances $20.00
Sales discounts $10.00 $30.00
Net sales $1,970.00

Unique definitions

When the US government reports wholesale sales, this includes excise taxes on certain products.[6]

Other terms
Net sales = gross sales – (customer discounts, returns, and allowances)
Gross profit = net sales – cost of goods sold
Operating profit = gross profit – total operating expenses
Net profit = operating profit – taxes – interest
Net profit = net sales – cost of goods sold – operating expense – taxes – interest
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References
  1. Meigs & Meigs, Financial Accounting, Fourth Edition McGraw-Hill, 1983. p.124.
  2. Random House Dictionary, Revised Edition, 1975.
  3. Pinson, Linda and Jerry Jinnett. Keeping the Books, Second Edition Upstart Publishing Company, Inc., 1993. p. 15. This is a simplified example.
  4. Williams, Jan R.; Haka, Susan F.; Bettner, Mark S.; Carcello, Joseph V. (2006). Financial Accounting (12th ed.). Boston, Mass: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. pp. 261–263. ISBN 0-07-288467-3.
  5. Farris, Paul W.; Neil T. Bendle; Phillip E. Pfeiffer; David J. Reibstein (2010). Marketing Metrics: The Definitive Guide to Measuring Marketing Performance. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Education, Inc. ISBN 0-13-705829-2. The Marketing Accountability Standards Board (MASB) endorses the definitions, purposes, and constructs of classes of measures that appear in Marketing Metrics as part of its ongoing Common Language: Marketing Activities and Metrics Project Archived 2013-02-12 at the Wayback Machine.
  6. Monthly Wholesale Trade Survey Definitions Statement
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