Rudolph Goclenius

Rudolph Goclenius the Elder (Latin: Rudolphus Goclenius; born Rudolf Gockel or Göckel; 1 March 1547 – 8 June 1628) was a German scholastic philosopher. Gockel is often credited with coining the term "psychology" in 1590, though the term had been used by Marko Marulić at least 66 years earlier.[1] Gockel had extensive backing, and made significant contributions to the field of ontology. He extended the development of many ideas from Aristotle. Several of Gockel's ideas were published and built upon by later philosophers.

Rudolph Goclenius

Life

He was born in Korbach, Waldeck (now in Waldeck-Frankenberg, Hesse).

He attended the universities at the University of Erfurt, the University of Marburg and the University of Wittenberg[2], where he finished his studies with a M.A. in 1571. In the following years he directed the gymnasiums in his hometown Korbach (1573) and in Kassel (Michaelmas 1575).[3][4] In 1581, Landgrave Wilhelm IV of Hesse-Kassel, who was a reputed astronomer, refused his wish to return to Korbach, but allowed him to be appointed professor at the Philipps University of Marburg, where he had the chairs of physics, logic, mathematics and ethics.[5] He served as a counsellor to Wilhelm and his son Moritz. The latter sent him in 1618 to the Synod of Dort.[6][7]

Although he popularized the term "psychology," his major contribution was to the field of ontology. As a follower of Aristotle's work, Gockel gave the philosophy a name and continued in Aristotle's way of thinking. The philosophical discipline of Ontology is thought to have been developed in the 17th century by Goclenius.[8]

Goclenius became the subject of a satirical text by Johann Balthasar Schupp. According to Schupp, Goclenius said in his old age that his Analecta [Lichae 1598] was the best book of all he has ever written.[9]

Jeremias Nicolai, a student at Korbach Stadtschule from Autumn 1574 onwards, brother of Philipp Nicolai, reported that Goclenius "immediately" wrote a poem about "fiery air phenomena" (feurige Lufterscheinungen) that were seen in the city on November 14, 1574.[10] It was published in Marburg the same year.[11] City historian Wolfgang Medding has conjectured that the phenomena which provided the inspiration for Goclenius' poem might have been an aurora,[12] an assumption which is supported by historical data.[13] Later, he treated auroras ("chasmata") in a Physics textbook of 1604.[14]

Goclenius died of a stroke in Marburg on June 8, 1628.[15] In his funeral speech on June 10, Wolfgang Loriseca called Goclenius a "leader of today's philosophers, Marburgian Plato, European light, Hessian immortal glory".[16]

Family

Goclenius married his first wife, Margarethe, in 1570.[17] Abraham Saur, a jurist in Marburg, recorded in his chronicle for the 10th of April:

M. Rudolphus Goclerius [sic] holds wedding. On this day / in the year of Christ 1570. as the Sun went into the Sign of Taurus / of which the Astrologers say / that it would be good to marry / M. Rudolphus Goclerius [sic] / a young learned Man and Poet / held his wedding in Korbach.

— Abraham Saur, Diarium Historicum (1582, p. 155; translated from German)

From this marriage his oldest son, Rudolph Goclenius the Younger, or Rudolf Goclenius, Jr. was born who became a professor in Marburg and a celebrated mathematician. It is after Rudolph Goclenius, Jr., that the lunar crater is named. He also worked on cures against the plague. He became famous for his miraculous cure with the "weapon salve" or Powder of Sympathy. Other descendants were Theodor Christoph Goclenius (1602-1673, Medicine), Eduard Franz Goclenius (1643-1721, Law) and Reinhard Goclenius (1678-1726, Law).[18]

Philosophical attitude

From his dispute with Wilhelm Adolph Scribonius of Marburg on the legality of the ordeal by water in witch trials, one can deduce that Goclenius was convinced on the existence of witchcraft and adhered to the "Hexenhammer".

His views reflected those of Aristotle. His philosophies belonged to a group called “Semiramists,” which was a group of Aristotelians who believed in advocating dialectic interpretation of Aristotle's learning, but also advocating the exposition of Ramism.[19][20] While he was still a rector at Korbach Stadtschule Goclenius composed a scholarly poem on Ramus' death.[21] In a letter written by Friedrich Beurhusius to Johann Thomas Freigius in September 1575, Goclenius was mentioned as a devotee to Ramus alongside other schoolmen such as Johann Lambach and Bernhard Copius.[22]

Goclenius is reported to have said that Aristotle, Scaliger (whose Exercitationes he called his Bible), Zabarella, Schegk are all that is needed to fill up the bookstand of philosophers.[23]

Works

In his "Philosophical Inquiries", published in 1599, Goclenius provides a synoptic table that subdivides the philosophical doctrines, or liberal arts, into special domains of knowledge.[24] It is useful for the classification of his works to a certain point. He used the term ontology in his Lexicon philosophicum (1613) which was coined by Jacob Lorhard in his Ogdoas Scholastica (1606).

Goclenius’ major contributions also included publications which led to the term psychology. In two academic disputations presided by Goclenius at Marburg University in 1586 the word "psychology" appears as an adjective ("psychologicae").[25] His anthology Psychologia: hoc est, de hominis perfectione, animo, et in primis ortu hujus published in 1590 is the first book to contain the word "psychology" in the title.[26] The Psychologia of 1590 (a second printing was issued in 1594) contains mostly excerpts from treatises written between 1579 and 1589.[27] The book's title translates to English as, "Psychology: that is, on the perfection of man, his mind, and especially its origin, the comments and discussions of certain theologians & philosophers of our time who are shown on the turned page." Here, the term psychology refers to both a subject of inquiry ("the perfection of man, his mind, and especially its origin") and the inquiry itself ("the comments and discussions of certain theologians & philosophers of our time"). In the 17th century, Goclenius' Psychologia was read and quoted by scholars like Robert Burton,[28] Daniel Sennert[29] and Jakob Thomasius.[30] Goclenius himself returned to his Psychologia in a textbook on natural science of 1604[31] and in some philosophical disputations.[32]

Goclenius' crowning achievement is his original contribution made to term logic, called the Goclenian Sorites.[33] In the words of the British logician Carveth Read:

"It is the shining merit of Goclenius to have restored the Premises of the Sorites to the usual order of Fig. I.: whereby he has raised to himself a monument more durable than brass, and secured indeed the very cheapest immortality. How expensive, compared with this, was the method of the Ephesian incendiary!"[34]

An example for the use of sorites in an argumentative context is presented by Goclenius in his "Dissertatio De Ortu Animi" which concludes the first edition of the Psychologia.[35]

Publications

Bibliographies of Goclenius' writings were prepared by F. W. Strieder and by F. J. Schmidt (see below). His list of publications include a large number of academic disputations.[36] This is due to the statutes of Landgrave Philip I of January 14, 1564 which required professors at the University of Marburg to carry out weekly examinations.[37] Goclenius lectured three hours a day: one pro lectione publica, one pro magistrandis and one pro baccalaureandis.[38]

  • Problemata logica, pars I 1589, pars II 1590; Pars I-V 1594 (reprint: Frankfurt: Minerva, 1967, in 5 voll.)
  • Psychologia: hoc est, de hominis perfectione, animo, et in primis ortu hujus, commentationes ac disputationes quorundam theologorum & philosophorum nostrae aetatis, Marburg 1590; Marburg 1594; Marburg 1597 (revised edition).
  • Oratio de natura sagarum in purgatione & examinatione per Frigidam aquis innatantium, Marburg 1584 (an oration held at a graduation ceremony on November 19, 1583; republished in Panegyrici Academiae Marpurgensis, Marburg 1590, pp. 190-203)
  • Partitio dialectica, Frankfurt 1595
  • Isagoge in peripateticorum et scholasticorum primam philosopiam, quae dici consuevit metaphysica, 1598 (reprint: Hildesheim: Georg Olms, 1976)
  • Institutionum logicarum de inventione liber unus, Marburg 1598
  • "P. Rami Dialectica cum praeceptorum explicationibus,". Oberursel 1600
  • Appendix IIII. Dialogistica, Marburg 1602
  • Physicae completae speculum, Frankfurt 1604
  • Dilucidationes canonum philosophicorum, Lich 1604
  • Controversia logicae et philosophiae, ad praxin logicam directae, quibus praemissa sunt theoremata seu praecepta logica, Marburg 1604
  • Miscellaneorum Theologicorum Et Philosophicorum, "Part 1,". Marburg 1607; "Part 2,". Marburg 1608
  • Conciliator philosophicus, 1609 (reprint: Hildesheim, Georg Olms, 1980)
  • Lexicon philosophicum quo tanquam clave philosophiae fores aperiuntur, 1613 (reprint: Hildesheim: Georg Olms, 1980)
  • Lexicon philosophicum Graecum, Marburg 1615 (reprint: Hildesheim: Georg Olms, 1980)
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References
  1. "Kruno Krstić (1964), Marko Marulić - The author of the term "Psychology"" (PDF). Retrieved 2020-06-25.
  2. Album Academiae Vitebergensis, Second Volume, Halle 1894, p. 179: July 31, 1570. His last name is misspelled as "Gocleuius"; cf. "Wittenberger Matrikel, Universität Wittenberg".
  3. Weber, C. F. Geschichte der städtischen Gelehrtenschule zu Cassel, Kassel 1846, p. 58
  4. During his second stay in Wittenberg, Goclenius wrote a letter to the Mayors of Korbach dated September 16, 1572 which aimed at a salary agreement for the directorship at Korbach Stadtschule. This letter (with German translation) is reproduced in its entirety in V. Schultze, Zur Vorgeschichte des Corbacher Gymnasiums. Geschichtsblätter für Waldeck und Pyrmont, 2. Band, 1902, pp. 114-119.
  5. Gundlach, F. "Catalogus Professorum Academiae Marburgensis 1527-1910.". Marburg 1927, pp. 387-388.
  6. Rommel, C. v. Neuere Geschichte von Hessen, Zweiter Band, Kassel 1837, pp. 586-588; Heppe, H. Kirchengeschichte beider Hessen, Zweiter Band, Marburg 1876, pp. 47-53; Schäufele, W. F. Reformierte Konfessionalisierung an der Universität Marburg. In: Id. (Hrsg.) Reformation der Kirche - Reform der Bildung, Münster 2020, p. 216
  7. The instruction by Moritz of October 1, 1618 is reprinted in H. Heppe, Historia synodi nationalis Dordracenae, Zeitschrift für die historische Theologie, 23. Band, 1853, pp. 231-233. Goclenius delivered a speech on January 25, 1619 in which he "refuted exactly by the principles of logic, the syllogism of the Remonstrants, derived from the execution of predestination." See the Acta Synodi Nationali, Leiden 1620, p. 194 (French translation: Actes du Synode national tenu à Dordrecht, l'an 1618 et 19, Leiden 1624, p. 371). New edition: Sinnema, D., Moser, C. & Selderhuis, H.J. (Eds.), Acta et Documenta Synodi Nationalis Dordrechtanae (1618-1619). Vol. 1, Göttingen 2015, p. 120.
  8. Enskat, R. "Ontology." Religion Past and Present. Brill Online, 2013.
  9. Zugab Doct: Joh: Balth: Schuppii Schrifften, Hanau 1667, p. 120. Cf. Vilmar, A.F.C. Kleine Nachträge zu Strieders hessischer Gelehrten- und Schriftstellergeschichte, Zeitschrift des Vereins für hessische Geschichte und Landeskunde, Dritter Band, 1843, p. 210.
  10. Curtze, L. D. Philipp Nicolai's Leben und Lieder, Halle 1859, p. 17. According to Curtze this poem was added to Goclenius' Liber Selectiorum Carminum (Marburg, 1606).
  11. "In Phasma Seu Teras Ignitum Quod Horribili Fulgore, Et vibratu quasi contorum, visum est"., Marburg 1574.
  12. Medding, W. Korbach : Die Geschichte einer Stadt, Korbach 1988, p. 164.
  13. Frobesius, J. N. Nova et Antiqua Luminis Atque Aurorae Borealis Spectacula, Helmstedt 1739, pp. 42-43; Fritz, H. Verzeichniss beobachteter Polarlichter, Wien 1873, p. 22.
  14. Physicae completae speculum, Marburg 1604, pp. 738-744.
  15. Caesar, C. I. "Catalogi studiosorum scholae Marpurgensis" (PDF)., Part 14 (March 22, 1886), Marburg 1886, p. 32.
  16. Loriseca, W. Orationes, Kassel 1631, pp. 240-241. First published in Panegyricus Acutissimo ac Celeberrimo Dn. Rodolpho Goclenio Seniori, Marburg 1629.
  17. Strieder, 1784, p. 432
  18. Goeckel, G. (1916). Die Familie Göckel (1. Fortsetzung). In: Roland. Verein zur Förderung der Stamm-, Wappen- und Siegelkunde. Monatsschrift, 16. Jahrgang 1915-1916, pp. 36-37
  19. Krstić, K. Marko Marulić - The author of the term "Psychology". Acta Instituti Psychologica Universitatis Zagrabiensis, No. 36, p. 7
  20. Joannes Bilstenius is credited with coining the term "Philippo-Ramism" in 1588 (H. Jaumann, Handbuch der Gelehrtenkultur der Frühen Neuzeit, Band 1, Berlin 2004, p. 103). Goclenius contributed an Autoschediasma to Bilstenius' book.
  21. Carmen Scholasticum De morte Petri Rami. Prefixed to: In Phasma Seu Teras Ignitum Quod Horribili Fulgore, Et vibratu quasi contorum, visum est, Marburg 1574
  22. Domino Ioanni Thomae Freigio I.V.D. Clarissimo, Fredericus Beuchusius Scholae Tremonianae Prorector S. P. D. In: P. Rami, Professio Regia, Basel 1576; H. Hotson, Commonplace Learning: Ramism and its German Ramifications, 1543-1630, Oxford 2007, p. 27
  23. Alsted, J. H., Consiliarius Academicus et Scholasticus, Straßburg 1610, p. 33; Pelargus, C. Oratio De Libro Vitae Mystico, Wittenberg 1612; Lansius, T. Commentatio De Academiis, Tübingen 1619, p. 44. Lansius' account differs from that of Pelargus in that he omits the specifics about Goclenius' appreciation of Scaliger; cf. Beckmann, C. Von Rod. Goclenij Worten. In: Anatomia Universalis Triumphans, Erster und Ander Theil, Frankfurt an der Oder 1674, pp. 231-232
  24. Disquisitiones Philosophicae, Marburg 1599, n. p., after Index; Höltgen, K. J. "Synoptische Tabellen in der medizinischen Literatur und die Logik Agricolas und Ramus'"., Sudhoffs Archiv für Geschichte der Medizin und der Naturwissenschaften, Bd. 49, 1965, pp. 371-390.
  25. Disputatio Philosophica, resp. Tolmerobulus Thalassidius, Marburg 1586; Theses Philosophicae, resp. Iohannes Grimmaeus jun., Marburg 1586
  26. Hatfield, G. (2019). Rationalist roots of modern psychology. In Robins, S., Symons, J. & Calvo, P. (eds.) The Routledge Companion to Philosophy of Psychology. London, p. 4
  27. Specifically, François Du Jon, Protoktisia (1589, pp. 73-95); Johann Jakob Grynaeus, Synopsis historiae hominis (1579, pp. 125-142); Johann Jacob Coler, Quaestio theologica et philosophica (1586, pp. 5-30); Aegidius Hunnius, Praelectiones in viginti et unum priora capita Geneseos (1589, pp. 30-31); Laskói Csókás Péter, De homine (1585, pp. 176-253); Rudolf Hospinian, Oratio in genere didascalico (1586, complete; added to Coler's Quaestio theologica et philosophica, pp. 30ff.); Timothie Bright, In Physicam Gulielmi Adolphi Scribonii (1584, pp. 15-32). See, Schüling (1967, p. 88), Stiening (1999, p. 323), Mengal (2005, p. 165, fn. 109), Vidal (2011, p. 52, fn. 78). Johann Ludwig Havenreuter's text is almost identical with a portion of his commentary to the third book of Aristotle's de anima published later at Frankfurt (1605, pp. 333-339). On the textual background of Caspar Peucer's De essentia, natura et ortu animi hominis, see Roebel (2012, p. 258).
  28. The anatomy of melancholy (1621). Part. 1, Sect. 1, Subsec. 9: "Of the Rationall Soule", p. 39
  29. De origine et natura animarum in brutis (1638, pp. 117, 189f.)
  30. Disputatio physica de origine animae humanae (1669, pp. 3, 43, 51). Multiple references are also found in a doxographical work by Thomasius' pupil Johann Vake, "Vom Ursprung Menschlicher Seelen unter Vielen Meynungen die Beste" [The best among many opinions on the origin of human souls] (1692, pp. 94, 98, 102, 105, 106, 111-112).
  31. Physicae completae speculum, p. 69
  32. Progymnasma Philosophicum. De Hominis Anima, resp. Henricus Kräudter, Marburg 1604, Thesis Prima; Disputatio philosophica continens duas definitionum disquisitiones, resp. Valentinus Rimer, Marburg 1606, p. 8
  33. Reusch, J. P. Systema Logicum, Jena 1734, p. 672 (§ 584: "Sorites ordinarius: Goclenianus"); Platner, E. Philosophische Aphorismen, Erster Theil, Leipzig 1793, p. 282
  34. C. Read, M.A., Logic, Deductive and Inductive, (Grant Richards, London: 1898), p. 119.
  35. Goclenius (1590, pp. 302-304); Ragozin (2018, p. 108); see also, De Angelis (2002, pp. 97-98).
  36. Marti, Hp. Disputation. In Ueding, G. (Hrsg.), Historisches Wörterbuch der Rhetorik, Band 2, Tübingen 1994, pp. 866-880; Freedman, J. F. Disputations in Europe in the early modern period. In: "Hora est! On dissertations" (PDF). Kleine publicaties van de Leidse Universiteitsbibliotheek, Nr. 71, Leiden 2005, pp. 30-50
  37. "Von den Wochentlichen Disputationibus". In: Reformation vnd Ordnung Vnser Philipsen vonn Gottes gnaden Landtgrauen zu Hessen ... Wie wir wöllen das es hinfüro mit Administration vnd verwaltung vnserer Vniuersitet zu Marpurg gehalten werden soll. Marpurg 1565. Also in: B. Hildebrand (Hrsg.), Urkundensammlung über die Verfassung und Verwaltung der Universität Marburg unter Philipp dem Grossmüthigen, Marburg 1848, p. 88
  38. Letter by Landgrave Ludwig to his brother Wilhelm, October 4, 1581. In: H. Heppe (Hrsg.), Geschichte der hessischen Generalsynoden von 1568-1582. Zweiter Band, Kassel 1847, p. 221

Further reading
  • Simone De Angelis, Zwischen generatio and creatio. Zum Problem der Genese der Seele um 1600 - Rudolph Goclenius, Julius Caesar Scaliger, Fortunio Liceti. In Lutz Dannenberg (Hrsg.), Zwischen christlicher Apologetik und methodologischem Atheismus : Wissenschaftsprozesse im Zeitraum von 1500 bis 1800, Berlin 2002, pp. 94-144
  • Diana Kremer, "Von erkundigung und Prob der Zauberinnen durchs kalte Wasser". Wilhelm Adolph Scribonius aus Marburg und Rudolf Goclenius aus Korbach zur Rechtmäßigkeit der "Wasserprobe" im Rahmen der Hexenverfolgung, in: Geschichtsblätter für Waldeck, Bd. 84, 1996, pp. 141–168.
  • Marco Lamanna, La nascita dell'ontologia nella metafisica di Rudolph Göckel (1547-1628), Hildesheim: Georg Olms, 2013.
  • Paul Mengal, La naissance de la psychologie, Paris 2005
  • Leonid I. Ragozin, Ψυχολογία and Psychology: Goclenius, Ramus, and Vultejus. In Voprosy filosofii, 2018, No. 2, pp. 102-111
  • Martin Roebel, Humanistische Medizin und Kryptocalvinismus : Leben und medizinisches Werk des Wittenberger Medizinprofessors Caspar Peucer (1525 – 1602), Freiburg 2012
  • Franz Joseph Schmidt, Materialien zur Bibliographie von Rudolph Goclenius sen. (1547-1628) und Rudolph Goclenius jun. (1572-1621), Hamm 1979
  • Rudolf Schmitz, Die Naturwissenschaften an der Philipps-Universität Marburg 1517-1927, Marburg 1978, p. 15ff.
  • Hermann Schüling, Bibliographie der psychologischen Literatur des 16. Jahrhunderts, Hildesheim 1967
  • Gideon Stiening, Psychologie. In Barbara Bauer (Hrsg.), Melanchthon und die Marburger Professoren (1527-1627), Marburg 1999, pp. 315-344
  • Friedrich Wilhelm Strieder, Grundlage zu einer hessischen Gelehrten und Schriftsteller Geschichte. Seit der Reformation bis auf gegenwärtige Zeiten, Bd. 4, Göttingen 1784, pp. 428-487; Bd. 9, Cassel 1794, p. 381; Bd. 13, Cassel 1802, pp. 341-343.
  • Fernando Vidal, The Sciences of the Soul : The Early Modern Origins of Psychology, Chicago 2011

Russian translations by Leonid I. Ragozin (with English abstracts):

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