Roving coral grouper

The roving coral grouper (Plectropomus pessuliferus), also known as the spotted coral grouper, is a species of marine ray-finned fish, a grouper from the subfamily Epinephelinae which is part of the family Serranidae, which also includes the anthias and sea basses. It is found in the Indo-Pacific, although the Red Sea taxon, P.. marisrubri, is regarded as a separate species by some authorities.

Roving coral grouper

Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1)[1]
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Order: Perciformes
Family: Serranidae
Subfamily: Epinephelinae
Tribe: Epinephelini
Genus: Plectropomus
Species:
P. pessuliferus
Binomial name
Plectropomus pessuliferus
(Fowler, 1904)
Synonyms[2]
  • Plectropoma pessuliferum Fowler, 1904
  • Plectropomus marisrubri Randall & Hoese, 1986

Description

The roving coral grouper has a body which is elongate and robust, with the standard length being 2.9 to 3.9 times the depth of the body. The preopercle is mostly rounded, with three large, downward pointing spines along the bottom half. The gill cover has two skin cvered spines on either side of a naked central spine.[3] The dorsal fin contains 7-8 spines and 10-12 soft rays while the anal fin contains 3 spines and 8 soft rays.[2] The spiny part of the dorsal fin has a shorter base than the soft-rayed part. The caudal fin is a truncate in adults and emarginate in juveniles. The head, body, and fins are coloured brown to orange-red, with many small blue spots each with dark edges, some of these spots on thehead and flanks are elongated, normally vertically, with much less spotting on the lower body. There is often a blue ring around the eye, althougfh this may be broken.[3] This species attains a total length of 120 centimetres (47 in).[2]

Distribution

The roving coral grouper is a widespread but quite rare species can be found in the Indo-Pacific, from the Red Sea, south along the East African coast to Mozambique and Madagascar and east across the Indian Ocean to the Coral Triangle of the Western Pacific Ocean.

Habitat and biology

These fishes live in coral reef, in shallow lagoon and seaward reefs, at a depth range of 25 – 147 m.[1][2] This carnivorous species mainly feed on fishes and crustaceans.[1] They sometimes engage in cooperative hunting with the giant moray (Gymnothorax javanicus), the humphead wrasse (Cheilinus undulatus), or the big blue octopus (Octopus cyanea).[4][5][6]

Taxonomy

The roving coral grouper was first formally decsribed as Plectropoma pessuliferum by the American ichthyologist Henry Weed Fowler (1878-1965) with the type locality given as Padang in Sumatra.[7]

Some authorities recognise Plectropomus marisrubri, which Fishbase treats as a synonym of P. pessuliferus, as a valid species.[8], while others as treat it as a subspecies of P. pessuliferus, P.p. maristrubri.[3] Phylogenetic analyses showed that P. pessuliferus, which is a relatively small species and has with a distribution from the central Indian ocean to the Coral Triangle, is the sister species of the Leopard coral grouper (P. leopardus) and is not the closest relative of the Red Sea taxon, P.p. marisrubri.[1]

  • P. p. marisrubri
  • P. p. marisrubri

Utilisation

The roving coral grouper is caught using spear, hand lines, gill nets and traps. In the Maldives, it is exported to southeast Asia for sale in the live reef fish trade and it is considered to be of high value.[1]

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References
  1. Choat, J.H.; Amorim, P.; Law, C.; et al. (2018). "Plectropomus pessuliferus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T118359431A100469254. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T118359431A100469254.en. Retrieved 2 August 2020.
  2. Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2019). "Plectropomus pessuliferus" in FishBase. december 2019 version.
  3. Heemstra, P.C. & J.E. Randall (1993). FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 16. Groupers of the world (family Serranidae, subfamily Epinephelinae). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the grouper, rockcod, hind, coral grouper and lyretail species known to date (PDF). FAO Fish. Synopsis. 125 (16). FAO, Rome. p. 296-297. ISBN 92-5-103125-8.
  4. Bshary R, Hohner A, Ait-el-Djoudi K, Fricke H (Dec 2006). "Interspecific communicative and coordinated hunting between groupers and giant moray eels in the Red Sea". PLOS Biol. 4 (12): e431. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0040431. PMC 1750927. PMID 17147471.
  5. Vail A.L., Manica A., Bshary R., Referential gestures in fish collaborative hunting, in Nature Communications, vol. 4, 2013.
  6. Il pesce che quando va a caccia "balla" per chiamare rinforzi in National Geographic
  7. Eschmeyer, W. N.; R. Fricke & R. van der Laan (eds.). "Plectropoma pessuliferum". Catalog of Fishes. California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 2 August 2020.
  8. Eschmeyer, W. N.; R. Fricke & R. van der Laan (eds.). "Plectropomus species". Catalog of Fishes. California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 31 July 2020.

Further reading
  • Heemstra, P.C. and J.E. Randall, 1993. FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 16. Groupers of the world (family Serranidae, subfamily Epinephelinae). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the grouper, rockcod, hind, coral grouper and lyretail species known to date. Rome: FAO. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(16):382 p.
  • Nouguier, J. and D. Refait (1990) Poissons de l'Océan Indien: les Iles Maldives., Réalisations Editoriales Pédagogiques, Paris. 304 p.
  • Randall, J.E. and C. Anderson (1993) Annotated checklist of the epipelagic and shore fishes of the Maldives Islands., Ichthyol. Bull. of the J.L.B. Smith Inst. of Ichthyol. 59:47.
  • Randall, J.E. and P.C. Heemstra (1991) Revision of Indo-Pacific groupers (Perciformes: Serranidae: Epinephelinae), with descriptions of five new species., Indo-Pacific Fishes (20):332 p.
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