Richard Tol

Richard S. J. Tol (born 2 December 1969, Hoorn, the Netherlands) is a professor of economics at the University of Sussex. He is also professor of the economics of climate change at the Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam. He is a member of the Academia Europaea.

Richard Tol
Born (1969-12-02) 2 December 1969
Hoorn, Netherlands
NationalityNetherlands
InstitutionUniversity of Sussex
FieldEnvironmental economics
Alma materVrije Universiteit Amsterdam
InfluencesPier Vellinga, Harmen Verbruggen, Aart de Vos
ContributionsEconomics of global warming

Academic career

Tol obtained an MSc in econometrics & operations research in 1992 and a PhD in economics in 1997 at the VU University Amsterdam. His doctoral thesis was titled, A decision-analytic treatise of the enhanced greenhouse effect.[1] In 1998, he contributed with some nineteen other academics to a joint project of the United Nations Environment Programme at his home university.[2]

He regularly participates in studies of the Energy Modeling Forum, is an editor of Energy Economics, associate editor of Environmental and Resource Economics, and a member of the editorial board of Environmental Science and Policy, and Integrated Assessment. IDEAS/RePEc ranks him among the top 250 economists in the world.[3]

Tol specialises in energy economics and environmental economics, with a particular interest in climate change, such as the economics of global warming. Previously, Tol was a research professor at the Economic and Social Research Institute. Before that, Tol was the Michael Otto Professor of Sustainability and Global Change and director of the Center for Marine and Atmospheric Sciences and board member of the Center for Marine and Climate Research at the University of Hamburg. Tol was a board member of the International Max Planck Research Schools on Earth System Modeling and Maritime Affairs and the European Forum on Integrated Environmental Assessment.[4] From 1998 to 2008 he was an adjunct professor at Carnegie Mellon University's Department of Engineering and Public Policy, and from 2010 to 2011 an adjunct professor at Trinity College, Dublin's Department of Economics.

Climate change

According to Tol "the impact of climate change is relatively small".[5] Despite being an economist he was also among the US Senate Republican Party's "list of scientists disputing man-made global warming claims", which stated that Tol "dismissed the idea that mankind must act now to prevent catastrophic global warming".[6]

Tol characterises his position as arguing that the economic costs of climate policy should be kept in proportion to its benefits.[7][8][9]

He argues against the 2 °C 'guardrail' target for limiting temperature rises.[10] Tol does not advocate another target, but has suggested that a carbon tax of $20/tC would be a policy in line with estimates of the cost of carbon.[11] He acknowledges that this level of taxation is too low to significantly discourage fossil fuel use but argues it would help to stimulate the development of fuel-saving technology and improve the competitiveness of renewable energy sources. He states that compliance may affect the coal and oil industries and the people they employ.

In an interview with Der Spiegel in 2005, he argued that temperature rises between 2–4 °C would also have advantages. North of a line drawn from Paris to Munich, people would benefit, e.g., from reduced energy bills. However, south of it, people would be overall "losers" of climate change.[12]

In 2007, Tol predicted a reduction in annual economic growth by 0.4% in the Republic of Ireland if greenhouse gases were reduced by 3% per year.[13]

In 2009, Tol published an influential paper that combined data from several earlier studies, concluding that at least some amount of global warming could lead to economic gains.[14] In 2014, he published an update, correcting missing minus signs that had turned economic costs into benefits and adding data overlooked before; the mistakes he attributed to "gremlins". According to Tol, the old and new results were not significantly different.[15] The degree to which the corrected, more pessimistic results alter the original conclusions and their policy implications was hotly debated.[16][17] In 2015 it was reported that a second round of corrections to the paper was necessary.[18]

Tol was a coordinating lead author for the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report Working Group II: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Tol said in March 2014 that he had withdrawn from the writing team for the Summary for Policy Makers of the report in September 2013, citing disagreement with the profile of the report which he considered too alarmist and putting too little emphasis on opportunities to adapt to climate changes.[19] On 20 May 2014 Tol wrote, in an article for FoxNews.com, that the IPCC is alarmist because it favors initial scientific papers published on an issue, rather than the follow-up papers, which, he says, tend to "pooh-pooh the initial drama."[20]

Copenhagen Consensus

Bjørn Lomborg chose Tol to participate in his "Copenhagen Consensus" project in 2008. In 2008, Tol collaborated with Gary Yohe, Richard G. Richels and Geoffrey Blanford to prepare the "Challenge Paper" on global warming which examined three approaches devised by Lomborg for tackling the issue.[21] The 3 results were then compared with 27 similar investigations, 3 each relating to 9 other 'challenges' in the areas of health and environment. Of the 30 policy alternatives that resulted, Lomborg's ranking procedure rated the 2 dealing with controlling emissions of greenhouse gases 29th and 30th in terms of cost effectiveness.

A "perspective paper" by Anil Markandya of the University of Bath on the Yohe/Tol study stated that "a short time period analysis is misleading" when all the costs are incurred during the period examined but benefits continue to accrue after its conclusion.[22] He pointed out that the study "stops short of the most that can be supported on a cost benefit basis" and stated that "it does not seem reasonable" to rely solely on Tol's own FUND model when alternatives "reported in the peer-reviewed literature are also credible".

Gary Yohe later accused Lomborg of "deliberate distortion of our conclusions",[23] adding that "as one of the authors of the Copenhagen Consensus Project's principal climate paper, I can say with certainty that Lomborg is misrepresenting our findings thanks to a highly selective memory". In a subsequent joint statement settling their differences, Lomborg and Yohe agreed that the "failure" of Lomborg's emissions reduction plan "could be traced to faulty design".[24]

Lomborg awarded Tol a position on his Copenhagen Consensus panel again in 2009. According to Tol, "Lomborg successfully punches holes in climate hysteria" and "plays a useful role in the debate on climate policy".[25]

Climate change and conflict

According to Tol, "it is not clear whether climate change would lead to conflict".[26] Citing a lack of suitable methods for evaluating hypothetical conflicts numerically, he examines what he calls plausible scenarios, such as drought and migration in the Horn of Africa or an upsurge in terrorism.

Regarding terrorism, he says "it may well be that a Maldivian terrorist will try and blow up the headquarters of ExxonAramco".[26] Regarding the Horn of Africa scenario, he acknowledges it might cause substantial human suffering but assesses the probability of this actually happening as unlikely. He concludes that "poor and exhausted people are unlikely to take up arms, and if they do, they are probably not very effective".[26]

gollark: Actually, I might be able to.
gollark: No.
gollark: And lower variance.
gollark: Here you go.
gollark: Hmm. This seems pink.

References
  1. Tol, Richard S.J. (1997). A decision-analytic treatise of the enhanced greenhouse effect. Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam. OCLC 068588209.
  2. Feenstra, J.F. (1998 print). Handbook on Methods. for Climate Change Impact Assessment and Adaptation Strategies (PDF). Retrieved 10 October 2008. Check date values in: |date= (help)
  3. Top 5% Authors on IDEAS/RePEc
  4. Solomon, Lawrence (2010). The Deniers: The world-renowned scientists who stood up against global warming hysteria, political persecution, and fraud. United States: Richard Vigilante Books. ISBN 978-0-9800763-7-0., p. 20.
  5. Tol, Richard (2009). ESRI Research Bulletin 2009/1/1. Dublin: ESRI. Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Missing or empty |title= (help); |contribution= ignored (help)
  6. Minority Senate report Archived 10 February 2010 at WebCite
  7. Financial Times, Jan 17, 2008
  8. Financial Times, Jan 18, 2007
  9. New Scientist, Dec 5, 2007
  10. Tol, Richard S. J. (January 2006 online; January 2007 print). "Europe's long-term climate target: A critical evaluation" (PDF). Energy Policy. 35 (1): 424–432. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.175.5572. doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2005.12.003. Retrieved 20 July 2008. Check date values in: |date= (help)
  11. R.S.J. Tol (2008), The Social Cost of Carbon: Trends, Outliers and Catastrophes, Economics the E-Journal, 2008–25
  12. Spiegel, Feb 21, 2005
  13. Irish Times, Dec 20, 2007
  14. Tol, R. S. J. (2009). "The Economic Effects of Climate Change". Journal of Economic Perspectives. 23 (2): 29–51. doi:10.1257/jep.23.2.29.
  15. Tol, R. S. J. (2014). "Correction and Update: The Economic Effects of Climate Change". Journal of Economic Perspectives. 28 (2): 221–226. doi:10.1257/jep.28.2.221.
  16. Adam Marcus (21 May 2014). ""Gremlins" caused errors in climate change paper showing gains from global warming". Retraction Watch. Retrieved 27 June 2014.
  17. Andrew Gelman (23 May 2014). "The gremlins did it? Iffy statistics drive strong policy recommendations". Monkey Cage. Retrieved 27 June 2014.
  18. Keith, Ross (22 July 2015). "Second correx for controversial paper on the financial benefits of climate change". Retraction Watch. Retrieved 27 July 2015.
  19. IPCC author brands upcoming climate report 'alarmist' The Guardian. 28 March 2014. Retrieved 29 March 2014
  20. Tol, Richard (20 May 2014). "UN climate change expert reveals bias in global warming report". Fox News Channel. Retrieved 20 May 2014.
  21. Yohe, Gary; Tol, Richard (2008). "Copenhagen Consensus Challenge Paper 2008: Global Warming" (PDF). Copenhagen.
  22. Markandya, Anil (2008). "Copenhagen Consensus 2008 Perspective Paper: Global Warming" (PDF). Copenhagen.
  23. Yohe, Gary (22 August 2008). "Climate change is real, compelling and urgent". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 22 May 2010.
  24. Lomborg, Björn (1 September 2008). "It's not about us". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 22 May 2010.
  25. "The Irish Economy » Blog Archive » Economics, voodoo, and climate policy". Irisheconomy.ie. 30 April 2010. Retrieved 9 June 2012.
  26. Tol, RSJ (2008). "Why Worry About Climate Change? A Research Agenda" (PDF). Environmental Values. 17 (4): 437–470. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.175.5947. doi:10.3197/096327108X368485. hdl:10419/73981. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 July 2011.
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