Revolt at Cincinnati

The Revolt at Cincinnati, also known as the Cincinnati Coup and the Cincinnati Revolution, was a change in National Rifle Association (NRA) leadership and organizational policy that took place at the group's 1977 annual convention in Cincinnati, Ohio. Led by former NRA President Harlon Carter and Neal Knox, the movement ended the tenure of Maxwell Rich as NRA executive vice president and introduced new organizational bylaws. The Revolt at Cincinnati has been cited as a turning point in the NRA's history, marking a move away from "hunting, conservation, and marksmanship" and toward the defense of the right to bear arms.[1][2][3][4]

Background

Until the early 1970s, the NRA was focused on marksmanship, environmental stewardship, and recreational events, with limited resources allocated to political lobbying.[5][6] Following the passage of the 1968 Gun Control Act and the NRA’s abstention from the Citizens Against Tydings campaign to unseat Joseph Tydings, a group led by Harlon Carter began advocating for a focus on the defense of gun ownership. [7][8][9] Along with Neal Knox, editor of Rifle Magazine, Carter concentrated on winning the support of the NRA’s Life Members ahead of the 1977 annual meeting. This membership class, consisting of over 2 million individuals, had voted along with exisiting leaders in the preceding annual conventions.[10][11] At the Cincinnat convention, Carter and Knox led a grassroots movement with a focus on preventing the construction of an Outdoor Center in Colorado Springs and unseating the “Old Guard” leadership. The Outdoor Center would have served as new headquarters for the organization, while the Old Guard referred to the many leaders who had spent multiple decades in their positions.[12] Members of the group wore orange hats and carried walkie-talkies on the floor of the convention.[13] Carter’s group succeeded in unseating members of the incumbent leadership, producing a subsequent removal of leadership members and a change in organizational focus.[14]

Leadership Changes
  • Carter replaced Maxwell Rich as executive vice president. The executive vice president position was changed to become a member-elected office[15][16]
  • Knox was elected as head of the group's Institute for Legislative Action (NRA-ILA).[17]
  • The vice president for finance position, held by Thomas Billings, was eliminated.[18]
  • The management committee of the organization, consisting of Merrill Right, Irvine Reynolds, and Alonzo Garcelon, was eliminated.[19]

Organizational Changes
  • Preceding the 1977 convention, NRA leadership had made plans to move the group’s headquarters from Washington, D.C. to an Outdoor Center in Colorado Springs focused on conservation and recreational shooting. The new facility had an estimated cost of $30 million.[20] The proposal for this Center was included as an item for discussion in the 1977 meeting and was rejected following the change in leadership.[21]
  • The new leadership increased funding for its lobbying arm, the Institute for Legislative Action (NRA-ILA) by an undisclosed amount. The NRA-ILA was given freedom to support the rights to "keep and bear arms."[22]
  • The NRA redefined its stance on gun control, defending protections provided by the Second Amendment. Moving away from prior support for "incremental forms of gun control regulation," new leadership made the "protection of gun rights the NRA’s primary cause."[23][24]
gollark: People make mistakes.
gollark: It's the language's fault if it makes doing unsafe things very easy.
gollark: It's good for some low level stuff, but for regular application code good type and memory safety is very good.
gollark: It is very unsafe.
gollark: Or, well, C bad for most applications.

References
  1. Achenbach, Joel; Higham, Scott; Horwitz, Sari. "How NRA's true believers converted a marksmanship group into a mighty gun lobby". Washington Post.
  2. LaPierre, Wayne. "Media Rage Against Trump And His Promise Of A Better Nation". America's 1st Freedom. NRA.
  3. Davidson, Osha Gray (1998). Under Fire: the NRA and the Battle for Gun Control. University Of Iowa Press. pp. pg 28–36. ISBN 0877456461.
  4. Giffords, Gabrielle; Kelly, Mark (2014). Enough: Our Fight to Keep America Safe from Gun Violence. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 9781476750118.
  5. Achenbach, Joel; Higham, Scott; Horwitz, Sari. "How NRA's true believers converted a marksmanship group into a mighty gun lobby". Washington Post.
  6. Troy, Gil. "The Teen Killer Who Radicalized the NRA". Daily Beast.
  7. Kohn, Howard. "Inside the Gun Lobby". Rolling Stone. Rolling Stone. Retrieved 30 April 2020.
  8. Sugarmann, Josh (2010). National Rifle Association: Money, Firepower & Fear. National Press Books. ISBN 978-1451500226.
  9. Gebhard-Koenigstein, August (March 2019). "Rifles and Reinforcement: The National Rifle Association's Partisan Approach to Gun Ownership". CUREJ: College Undergraduate Research Electronic Journal.
  10. Kohn, Howard. "Inside the Gun Lobby". Rolling Stone. Rolling Stone. Retrieved 30 April 2020.
  11. Sugarmann, Josh (2010). National Rifle Association: Money, Firepower & Fear. National Press Books. ISBN 978-1451500226.
  12. Sugarmann, Josh (2010). National Rifle Association: Money, Firepower & Fear. National Press Books. ISBN 978-1451500226.
  13. Kohn, Howard. "Inside the Gun Lobby". Rolling Stone. Rolling Stone. Retrieved 30 April 2020.
  14. Davidson, Osha Gray (1998). Under Fire: the NRA and the Battle for Gun Control. University Of Iowa Press. pp. pg 28–36. ISBN 0877456461.
  15. Sugarmann, Josh (2010). National Rifle Association: Money, Firepower & Fear. National Press Books. ISBN 978-1451500226.
  16. Stuart, Reginald (May 23, 1977). "Rifle Group Ousts Most Leaders In Move to Bolster Stand on Guns". New York Times.
  17. Kohn, Howard. "Inside the Gun Lobby". Rolling Stone. Rolling Stone. Retrieved 30 April 2020.
  18. Stuart, Reginald (May 23, 1977). "Rifle Group Ousts Most Leaders In Move to Bolster Stand on Guns". New York Times.
  19. Stuart, Reginald (May 23, 1977). "Rifle Group Ousts Most Leaders In Move to Bolster Stand on Guns". New York Times.
  20. Sugarmann, Josh (2010). National Rifle Association: Money, Firepower & Fear. National Press Books. ISBN 978-1451500226.
  21. Sunstein, Cass; Siegel, Reva; Amar, Akhil; Guinier, Lani (2008). "The Supreme Court 2007 Term". Harvard Law Review. 122 (1): 207–212. JSTOR 40042818.
  22. Sugarmann, Josh (2010). National Rifle Association: Money, Firepower & Fear. National Press Books. ISBN 978-1451500226.
  23. Gebhard-Koenigstein, August (March 2019). "Rifles and Reinforcement: The National Rifle Association's Partisan Approach to Gun Ownership". CUREJ: College Undergraduate Research Electronic Journal.
  24. Sunstein, Cass; Siegel, Reva; Amar, Akhil; Guinier, Lani (2008). "The Supreme Court 2007 Term". Harvard Law Review. 122 (1): 207–212. JSTOR 40042818.
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