Rawap

The rawap (Uyghur: راۋاپ, равап) is a fretted plucked long-necked stringed instrument used in folk music by residents of the Uyghur autonomous region of Xinjiang, Western China. [1] The history of the instrument dates back to the 14th century in southern Xinjiang. It is an instrument of the Tajiks and Uzbeks. It's particularly associated with Uyghur music and culture.[2][3][4][5][6]

Rawap
Rawap front view
String instrument
Related instruments
Rawap
Uyghur name
Uyghurراۋاپ‎
Chinese name
Traditional Chinese熱瓦甫
Simplified Chinese热瓦甫
Alternative Chinese name
Traditional Chinese熱瓦普
Simplified Chinese热瓦普
Second alternative Chinese name
Traditional Chinese拉瓦波
Simplified Chinese拉瓦波
Third alternative Chinese name
Traditional Chinese喇巴卜
Simplified Chinese喇巴卜

Characteristics
View of the back of the body and neck of a rawap
View of the back of the neck and peghead of a rawap
View of the end of the body of a rawap, showing the bridge and where the strings are attached at the end of the body
Rawap body covered with snakeskin and stylized with horns

The body of the instrument is a constructed box, a bowl (like the Neapolitan mandolin or the lute), or else the neck and bowl are carved from a single piece of mulberry wood. It is used to accompany songs, and is less common with larger instrumentation. Instead of a wooden soundboard, the opening across the top of the bowl has a dried snakeskin stretched across like on a banjo; alternatively, the hide of a donkey or sheep is used. It is strung with between three and nine strings, which run across the skin membrane on the bottom, up the long fretboard and connect to a pegbox, curved backward 180 degrees. Only some strings are struck with a plectrum. The rest are sympathetic strings, vibrating in reaction to the actively played strings. Something that sets this instrument apart visually are lateral extension above the wooden bowl, decorated goat horns mounted on the neck, curving toward the bowl. The neck is inlaid decorated. While the fingerboard is not fretted, photos of the instruments show that some instruments do have strings tied around the neck in the position of frets.

Variations
A man playing a rawap in a shop in Kashgar, Xinjiang, China

What the rawap is called among the Uyghurs varies according to each region, with names added as accessories. For example Kaxgar-Rawap is the variation of the town Kashgar. The design, size and style of play differ from one region to another. The Kaschgar-region instrument is 90 centimeters long, with strings tuned in fourths and fifths.

The rawap of the Dolan-population in the province Turpan has five melody strings. The first string is fingered and the others are resonance strings and drone strings.

For the Tajiks, the instrument is called a rebub and is made from the wood of the apricot tree. The Tajik model is about 70 centimeters long. In the 1930s, the Uzbeks created a slightly modified long-necked lute (rubob). The different forms are related to the rubob, an instrument Afghanistan.

Description

Similar to a lute, it has 7 strings in 3 courses. Uyghur Rawaps have decorative goat horns above the body of the instrument and the body may be covered in hide or snakeskin. [3][4]

There are several varieties of rawap, among them: [3][4][5][7]

  • Kasgar Rawap 90 centimeters long 5, 6 or 7 strings, one used the rest sympathetic
  • Dolan Rawap - similar to the Afghan rubab, Dolan Muqam, one melody string, the rest sympathetic, pear shaped body
  • Qoychi Rawap - short herder's rawap Hotan region, 70 centimeters long, 2-3 pairs sheep gut strings
  • Qumul Rawap - used in Qumul Muqam
  • Bas Rawap - three strings
  • Caplima Rawap
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References
  1. https://stringedinstrumentdatabase.aornis.com/p.htm
  2. http://www.farwestchina.com/2011/01/uyghur-man-plays-the-rawap-pic-of-the-week.html Uyghur Man Plays the Rawap
  3. http://interactchina.wordpress.com/2011/04/08/xinjiang-uyghur-musical-instrument-rawap/ Uyghur Musical Instrument – Rawap
  4. https://web.archive.org/web/20110121180930/http://www.meshrep.com/Music_instruments/Rawap/rawap.htm The Rawap
  5. https://web.archive.org/web/20160303213754/http://www.danwei.com/the-rawap-a-silk-road-lute/
  6. https://shahnameh.netlify.com/rubab_kashgar.htm The Shahnameh Guide To The Lutes Of Central Asia
  7. http://truexinjiang.huanqiu.com/culture/music/2011-08/1911370.html Rawap
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