Rappler

Rappler is a Philippine online news website based in Pasig, Manila. It started as a Facebook page named MovePH in August 2011[2] and later evolved into a complete website on January 1, 2012.[3] Along with web-based text news content, it was among the first news websites in the Philippines to extensively use online multimedia including video, pictures, text and audio. It also uses social media sites for news distribution.[4]

Rappler
FoundedJanuary 1, 2012 (2012-01-01)
FoundersMaria Ressa[1]
Cheche Lazaro[1]
Glenda Gloria[1]
Chay Hofileña[1]
Lilibeth Frondoso[1]
Gemma Mendoza[1]
Marites Dañguilan Vitug[1]
Raymund Miranda[1]
Manuel Ayala[1]
Nico Nolledo
Headquarters
Pasig
,
Philippines
Key people
Maria Ressa (Editor-in-chief)
RevenuePHP139.47 million (FY 2015)[1]
PHP-38.35 million (FY 2015)[1]
OwnerRappler Holdings Corporation (98.8%)[1]
Others (1.2%)[1]
ParentRappler Holdings Corporation
Websiterappler.com

According to its own website, the name Rappler is a portmanteau of the words "rap" (to discuss) and "ripple" (to make waves).[3]

In 2018, it was the recipient of legal proceedings from arms of the Philippine government.[5] Rappler and its staff said it was being targeted for its revelations of misappropriations by government and elected officials.

History

With the idea of professional journalists using social media and crowd sourcing for news distribution,[6] Rappler was started in 2011 by Filipino journalist Maria Ressa along with her entrepreneur and journalist friends.[7][8] Brainstorming for the company began some time in 2010 when Maria Ressa was writing her second book, From Bin Laden to Facebook. Other key people involved in its conceptualization and creation were former Newsbreak head and ABS-CBN News Channel managing editor Glenda Gloria, journalist and Ateneo De Manila University professor Chay Hofileña, former TV Patrol executive producer Lilibeth Frondoso, Philippine internet pioneer Nix Nolledo, internet entrepreneur Manuel I. Ayala, and former Nation Broadcasting Corporation executive Raymund Miranda.[9]

Rappler first went public as a beta version website on January 1, 2012, the same day that the Philippine Daily Inquirer published a Rappler piece that broke the story of (then) Philippine Chief Justice Renato Corona being awarded a University of Santo Tomas doctoral degree without a required dissertation.[10] The site officially launched at its #MoveManila event at the Far Eastern University in Manila on January 12, 2012.[11]

Alleged Left-wing bias

In 2016, Rappler began to be critical of the Duterte-led government of the Philippines, which had just taken office in 2016 and his controversial war on drugs after it noticed a trend of fake news related to him in media outlets of the state and private entities, and being spread on Facebook.[12] On 11 January 2018, the Securities and Exchange Commission revoked Rappler's license to operate as a "mass media" entity, for allegedly violating the Constitution's Foreign Equity Restrictions in Mass Media by being wholly foreign-owned.[13] Rappler then sought a petition for review from the Court of Appeals on 28 January, but was rejected on 26 July 2018, finding no grave abuse of discretion on the part of the SEC. Many journalistic organizations and committees saw the act as intimidation and attempt to silence the opposition, and control freedom of the press.[14]

On 26 October 2017, Rappler became a member of the Poynter Institute's International Fact-Checking Network (IFCN). This led to Facebook tapping Rappler and Vera Files in April 2018 to be its Philippine partners in its worldwide fact-checking program, in part because of their participation in the IFCN.[15][16] Under the program, false news stories will appear lower on users' news feeds and lower the chances of people seeing those stories.[15][16] The program, according to a Facebook executive, "is one of the ways we hope to better identify and reduce the reach of false news that people share on our platform."[16] A spokesperson for the Philippine government backed the fact-checking program but protested Facebook's partnership with Rappler.[17][18]

Rappler cases
Alleged ownership irregularities:
  • Securities and Exchange Commission: In re: Rappler Inc. and Rappler Holdings Corporation (SP Case No. 08-17-001)
  • Court of Appeals: Rappler Inc. v. SEC (CA-G.R. SP No. 154292)
  • Pasig City RTC Branch 265: People of the Philippines v. Maria Ressa (R-PSG-19-00737-CR)

Alleged defamation:

Alleged tax evasion:

  • Pasig City RTC Branch 165: People of the Philippines v. Rappler Holdings Corp. (R-PSG-18-02983-CR)
  • Court of Tax Appeals: People of the Philippines v. Rappler Holdings Corp. and Maria Ressa (Crim. Case No. O-679)

Many legal cases have been filed by various government agencies against Rappler since 2017; these cases are collectively considered by The Guardian and Reporters Without Borders as "judicial harassment".[19][20] Among other cases are cases alleging ownership irregularities and tax evasion.[21][22] Both Ressa[23] and Chel Diokno, a human rights attorney who also represents Rappler, connects a statement made by President Duterte regarding Rappler's ownership during his 2017 State of the Nation Address[24] to the outpour of legal cases against Rappler from all areas of the executive branch.[25] If all of the cases filed against Ressa related to her management of Rappler up to June 18, 2020 were to result in guilty verdicts after final appeal, and the sentences were all to run consecutively, she would face around 100 years in prison.[26]

Revocation of certificate of incorporation

On January 11, 2018, the Securities and Exchange Commission of the Philippines (SEC) revoked Rappler's certificate of incorporation over Rappler's use of Philippine Depository Receipts (PDRs). It said that the provisions of the PDR issued to Omidyar Network by Rappler gave the American investment firm control over the local media firms' other PDR holders as well as its corporate policies, which the SEC says is a violation of the Constitution's provisions on foreign ownership and control.[13][27] Rappler claimed that it was 100% Filipino owned and that Omidyar only invests in the media firm.[28] Despite the certificate revocation, SEC stated that Rappler could still operate since their decision was not final, pointing out that the media firm could also challenge the decision before the Court of Appeals within 15 days.[29] Malacañang Palace also suggested that Rappler authors can still continue to publish on their website as bloggers.[30] On February 28, Omidyar Network donated its Rappler PDRs to the editors and executives of Rappler.[31]

Rappler stated that the revocation of Rappler's certificate was an attack against the freedom of the press.[32] The National Union of Journalists of the Philippines (NUJP), Foreign Correspondents Association of the Philippines (FOCAP) and the Philippine Press Institute (PPI) said the SEC ruling is part of a pattern of restricting criticism.[32] The National Press Club of the Philippines, on the other hand, supported the SEC decision.[33][34]

Members of the Philippine Senate and House of Representatives issued statements of concern, describing the SEC revocation of Rappler's license as "a loss for dissenting voices and free speech",[35] "pure harassment" and "straight out of the dictator's playbook",[36][35] and an "affront on press freedom."[36] A law advocacy group called "CenterLaw" said the move was unconstitutional since the SEC denied Rappler due process. It also said the SEC's action was "tantamount to prior restraint" of "a known critic of the government's drug war."[37]

The Philippine government issued a statement denying such a claim, pointing out that President Rodrigo Duterte could have used the armed forces to implement Rappler's closure, as done by various foreign governments, but had not resorted to such moves.[38] The chief presidential legal counsel defended the SEC, saying the SEC's job was simply to punish violators of the law.[39]

A BBC News report described wider concerns about the media in the Philippines, citing how a major campaign donor of the Philippine president had earlier become majority shareholder of the Philippine Daily Inquirer, a newspaper critical of the government's war on drugs.[35] The Philippine Center for Investigative Journalism and the Center for Media Freedom and Responsibility also cited verbal attacks by the Philippine president and close allies on media organizations that have released critical reports on the government.[40][34] The National Bureau of Investigation of the Philippines subpoenaed Ressa and a former Rappler reporter on January 18, 2018, in connection with an online libel complaint filed by private entrepreneur Wilfredo Keng. The complaint was for a 2012 article that had reported that the then Philippine Supreme Court Chief Justice Renato Corona had been using a luxury vehicle owned by Keng.[41] The report also claimed that Keng was involved in human trafficking.[41]

On March 8, 2018, the Bureau of Internal Revenue (BIR) filed criminal and tax evasion charges against Rappler Holdings Corp. before the Department of Justice (DoJ) for allegedly evading ₱133 million in taxes.[42][43] Rappler's petition for review regarding the SEC's decision was subsequently rejected by the Court of Appeals on 26 July 2018, finding no grave abuse of discretion on the part of the SEC.[14]

Cyberlibel
Main article: People of the Philippines v. Santos, Ressa and Rappler

On March 8, 2018, the National Bureau of Investigation lodged before the Department of Justice (DoJ) a cyber libel complaint against Rappler and its officers (Maria Ressa, former Rappler reporter Reynaldo Santos, Jr. who wrote the story, and directors and officers Manuel Ayala, Nico Jose Nolledo, Glenda Gloria, James Bitanga, Felicia Atienza, Dan Albert de Padua and Jose Maria G. Hofilena) in connection with a news article published in 2012 wherein citing in the complaint stated that “Unlike published materials on print, defamatory statements online, such as those contained in the libelous article written and published by subjects, [are]indubitably considered as a continuing crime until and unless the libelous article is actually removed or taken down. Otherwise, the same is a continuing violation of Section 4 (c) (4) of the Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2012”.[44][45][46]

Ressa was arrested on February 13, 2019, and spent a night in jail before being able to bail herself out.[47][48] The arrest was criticized by the international community. As one of the only media organizations in the Philippines that is openly critical of Duterte, many saw the arrest of Rappler's CEO as politically motivated.[49][50][51] Their trial began on July 23, 2019.[52] Ressa and Reynaldo Santos, Jr. were convicted of cyberlibel by Manila Regional Trial Court (RTC) Branch 46 on June 15, 2020 and sentenced to a maximum of six years in jail, along with being ordered to pay fines of ₱400,000 each.[53] Human rights and media freedom advocates have characterized the court decision as a blow to freedom of the press and democracy.[54][55]

After the verdict, a "vindicated"[56] Keng sued Ressa again for a different count of cyberlibel, this time over a tweet she wrote on February 15, 2019 which contained a screenshot of the 2002 Philippine Star article discussed in§ Santos Jr.'s article.[57][58][59] Keng stated that by republishing the article "[Ressa] feloniously communicated the malicious imputations against me not only to her 350,000 Twitter followers, but to anyone who has access to the internet."[57]

Tax cases

On December 3, 2018, an arrest warrant for Rappler's founder Maria Ressa was sent to the Pasig police station, for alleged omissions in the VAT (value added tax) filings of Rappler, in connection with People of the Philippines v. Rappler Holdings Corp. and Maria Ressa (R-PSG-18-02983-CR).[60] However, her arraignment in this case was suspended as she filed a motion to quash the information,[61] and she was not arrested in connection with this warrant, as she posted bail in the amount of ₱60,000 the same day.[62] As of January 2020, the case remains suspended, as the Pasig RTC has still not ruled on the motion.[63]

On March 29, 2019, Ressa was arrested again upon her arrival at Ninoy Aquino International Airport from an overseas trip. The arrest warrant was issued by the Pasig RTC Branch 265 against Ressa in connection with yet another case she and members of Rappler's 2016 board are facing, this time for alleged violations of the Anti-Dummy Law (C.A. No. 108).[64][65] Ressa posted bail in the amount of ₱100,000 the same day.[65]

Mood Meter feature
Rappler Mood Meter displaying the feedback of an article's readers

"Mood Meter" is a web widget embedded on each of Rappler's blogs and articles.[66] It appears as colored bubbles showing the way people react to Rappler's stories.[4] Readers are prompted to choose their response from eight different emotional reactions. The ten stories that received the most reactions in the last 48-hour period would appear on the Mood Navigator.[67]

The Rappler Mood Meter, which is similar to Facebook Reactions,[68] won the Bronze Medal for Brand Experience at the 2012 Boomerang Awards sponsored by the Internet Media Marketing Association of the Philippines (IMMAP).[69]

Ownership structure

As of 2017, Rappler is owned primarily by Rappler Holdings Corporation, which is in turn owned by Dolphin Fire Group (31.21%), Maria Ressa (23.77%), Hatchd Group (17.86%), Benjamin So (17.86%), and 9.3 percent of minority shares.[70]

Ownership of Rappler Holdings

Rappler originally drew in funds through the issuance of Philippine Depository Receipts (PDR), which allowed foreign firms Omidyar Network and North Base Media to invest in Rappler.[70]

Philippine Depository Receipts (PDR) issued by Rappler[71]
Quantity Issue date Isuee
264,601 May 29, 2015 NBM Rappler*
11,764,117 July 29, 2015
7,217,257 October 2, 2015 Omidyar Network

On February 28, 2018, Omidyar Network donated its Rappler PDRs to the editors and executives of Rappler.[31]

gollark: ... why would I want that?
gollark: It should probably work again if I just downgrade qt a version or something.
gollark: But, see, `calibre`, which I have precompiled from the repos, broke in the same way.
gollark: Oh, no, I'm not worried about that.
gollark: That wouldn't actually work.

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