Ranales

The Ranales are an obsolete taxon of the Dicotyledons, with rank of order typified by Ranunculus (Ranunculaceae).

Description

The Ranunculaceae were included directly in the Thalamiflorae by de Candolle (1819-1824) as an order within that subclass. They were paraphyletic and considered a very primitive group with a key position in angiosperm phylogeny.[1] In the Bentham and Hooker classification they were characterised as having "stamens usually many, carpels free, endosperm conspicuous, embryo small". The term may be qualified by using its broader circumscription (sensu lato), i.e Ranales s.l..

In the Bentham and Hooker system (1862-1883), the Ranales were the first cohort of the Thalamiflorae with eight families:

  • I. RANUNCULACEÆ
    II. DILLENIACEÆ
    III. CALYCANTHACEÆ
    IV. MAGNOLIACEÆ
    V. ANONACEÆ [sic]
    VI. MENISPERMACEÆ
    VII. BERBERIDEÆ
    VIII. NYMPHÆACEÆ

Bessey (1915) made it a much larger entity within the Strobiloideae with twenty four families. Later, Hutchinson (1959) circumscribed the Ranales more narrowly with only four families (Ranunculaceae, Cabombaceae, Ceratophyllaceae, Nymphaeaceae) within the Archychlamydeae. Melchior (1964) preferred the term Ranunculales to include the Ranunculaceae within Archychlamydeae, the term which is still in use including seven families but little overlap with Hutchinson. Cronquist (1968-1981), one of the more influential twentieth century classifications had eight families and placed the Ranunculales in the larger Magnoliidae. Ranunculales has been used by most subsequent systems with the exception of Thorne (1992), with Berberidales, but with widely varying numbers of families.

The current APG system uses Ranunculales in the Eudicot clade with seven families.

gollark: Let's blame the first caveman to set wood on fire.
gollark: The steam engine person.
gollark: I mean, if you're going to be like that, James Watt did.
gollark: > In 1924, unsatisfied with the speed of DuPont's TEL production using the "bromide process", General Motors and the Standard Oil Company of New Jersey (now known as ExxonMobil) created the Ethyl Gasoline Corporation to produce and market TEL. Ethyl Corporation built a new chemical plant using a high-temperature ethyl chloride process at the Bayway Refinery in New Jersey.[9] However, within the first two months of its operation, the new plant was plagued by more cases of lead poisoning, hallucinations, insanity, and five deaths.[citation needed]
gollark: Were they *also* him?

References
  1. Sastri, R. L. N. (July 1969). "COMPARATIVE MORPHOLOGY AND PHYLOGENY OF THE RANALES". Biological Reviews. 44 (3): 291–319. doi:10.1111/j.1469-185X.1969.tb01213.x.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.