Qutluq II

Qutluq II — seventh khagan of the Uyghur Khaganate and first one from Ädiz clan.[1] His Tang invested title was Huaixin Qaghan (Chinese: 懷信可汗; lit.: 'Cherishing, Sincere Qaghan').[2]

Qutluq II
Khagan of Uyghurs
Reign795-808
PredecessorQutluq Bilge Qaghan
SuccessorBaoyi Qaghan
BornĀdiē Gǔduōlù (阿跌骨咄祿)
Died808
Regnal name
Ay Tengride Ulugh Bolmish Alp Qutluq Külüg Bilge Qaghan (𐰖∶𐱅𐰭𐰼𐰃𐰓𐰀∶𐰆𐰞𐰍∶𐰉𐰆𐰞𐰢𐱁∶𐰞𐰯∶𐰸𐰆𐱃𐰞𐰸∶𐰚𐰇𐰠𐰏∶𐰋𐰃𐰠𐰏𐰀∶𐰴𐰍𐰣‎)
Annointed by Moon God, Courageous, Blessed, Glorious, Wise Qaghan
HouseÄdiz clan Birth
Yaglakar clan Adopted
ReligionManichaeism

Life

He was born in Ädiz clan, was orphaned early in childhood and adopted by Yaglakar clan. He quickly rose in ranks thanks to his strategic thinking and rhetorical skill.[3] He was appointed Grand Chancellor (İl Ögesi in Old Uyghur) with the title Inanchu Bilge around 782. He was the who met Chinese embassy bringing Tun Baga Tarkhan's uncle's body back. He was also present as the head of delegation to Chang'an in marriage ceremony for qaghan and Princess Xian'an (咸安公主) in 788. He commanded the Uyghur army against Tibetans who were aided by Karluk Yabgu State ruler Alp Burguchan[4] who united Chigils, Bulaqs and Shatuo, near Beshbaliq in 790. As the result Yang Xigu (楊襲古) Commander of Beiting Protectorate committed suicide. Although Chinese sources states that it was Inanchu who killed him in November 791.[5] He was appointed as regent of Qutluq Bilge Qaghan since he was a minor in 790.

Reign

After Qutluq Bilge's untimely death he succeeded to the qaghanate upon election of nobles. He didn't change his surname to original one but kept Yaglakar name, nevertheless he exiled all of remaining princes from cadet branches to Chang'an.[6] One of his first deeds was to adopt Manichaeism as the state religion again in 803, after a visit to Manichean temple in Qocho.[7] According to Colin Mackerras and Takao Moriyasu, he did not have any relations with China until 805 and this led Chinese historians to believe that khagan died in 805.[8][9] This was further proven by surprise at Chinese court when they witnessed Manicheans among the embassy in 806. Qaghan requested the Manichean temples to be reopened in China.

His reign saw territorial expansion of the khaganate, subjugation of Yenisei Kyrgyz, defeat of Karluk Yabgu State and Tibetan Empire in Tarim Basin, conquest of Beshbaliq in 790, Karashar and Kucha in 798. New western border was the river Syr-Darya.[10] He also possibly aided Rafi ibn al-Layth against Abbasids.[11]

Death

He died sometime after March 808 and was followed by Baoyi Qaghan.

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References
  1. Moriyasu, Takao (2015). "New Developments in the History of East Uighur Manichaeism". Open Theology. 1 (1). doi:10.1515/opth-2015-0016. ISSN 2300-6579.
  2. Invested on 15 June 795
  3. New Book of Tang. 217a.
  4. TAŞAĞIL, AHMET (2014-06-26). "Karluklarin Coğrafi Dağilimi Üzerine". Türkiyat Mecmuası. 24 (1): 75. doi:10.18345/tm.09461. ISSN 0085-7432.
  5. Mackerras, Colin (1972). The Uighur Empire according to the Tʻang Dynastic Histories. A study in Sino-Uighur relations 744-840 (2nd ed.). Canberra: Australian National University Press. ISBN 0708104576. OCLC 624702.
  6. Xin, Luo (2013). "Chinese of Karı Çor Tigin Inscription and the Genealogy of Karı Çor Tigin". International Journal of Turkish Literature Culture Education. 2/2 (2): 62–78. doi:10.7884/teke.187. ISSN 2147-0146.
  7. Ein Manichäisches Buch-Fragment aus Chotscho (in German). 1912. p. 147.
  8. Mackerras, Colin. "RELATIONS BETWEEN THE UIGHURS AND TANG CHINA 744–840" (PDF). pp. 93–106.
  9. Moriyasu, Takao (2007). Shiruku Rōdo to Tō Teikoku. Tōkyō: Kōdansha. ISBN 9784062807050. OCLC 133116309.
  10. "KARABALGASUN ii. The Inscription – Encyclopaedia Iranica". www.iranicaonline.org. Retrieved 2019-10-08.
  11. Bosworth, C. E. (2012-04-24). "Rāfiʿ b. al-Layt̲h̲ b. Naṣr b. Sayyār". Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_sim_6184.
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