Quartet (Jean Rhys novel)

Quartet is Jean Rhys's 1928 debut novel, set in Paris's bohemian café society. Originally published by Chatto and Windus, Quartet was Rhys's first published book other than her short story collection The Left Bank and Other Stories (1927).

In the UK Quartet was released under the publisher's preferred title Postures which Rhys disliked. After it was well received in the US as Quartet (1929), Rhys had later UK editions re-titled to her original choice of Quartet, which alludes to four central characters comprising two couples.

Like various Jean Rhys novels, Quartet is autobiographical fiction. It is a roman à clef based on her extramarital affair and acrimonious break-up with her literary mentor Ford Madox Ford, the English author and editor of The Transatlantic Review literary magazine. The affair occurred in Ford's Paris home under the eye of his common-law wife, Australian artist Stella Bowen, while Rhys's husband Jean Lenglet was in jail.[1][2][3]

Written in third-person narrative, Quartet is framed from the viewpoint of Rhys's fictional counterpart Marya (nicknamed Mado).

Synopsis

Peripatetic young married couple Stephan and Marya Zelli board in a cheap Paris hotel while Stephan, a fly-by-night Polish art dealer, conducts business. Reliant on Stephan as provider, Marya seldom questions his dealings. They live hand-to-mouth as his deal takes shape. When Stephan is charged with selling stolen artwork and sentenced to a year's jail Marya, stranded and alone in a foreign city, is destitute. At Stephan's urging from jail she moves in with avuncular Englishman H. J. Heidler and his painter wife Lois, who she knows socially. There she discovers Heidler's history of inviting young women to lodge in his spare room, initiating affairs with them as Lois turns a blind eye. When Marya visits Stephan in jail, Heidler and Lois object and discourage her from seeing him. Isolated under his roof and dependent on his charity, Marya succumbs to Heidler's advances. With Marya at their mercy, Heidler and Lois escort her around their social haunts in a charade of respectability, deflecting suspicion and gossip about the ménage à trois. Obliged to comply, Marya suspects people guess the truth regardless. Tension mounts between Marya and Lois, which Heidler ignores. Released from jail, the once self-assured Stephan is broken and Marya guilt-ridden. Heidler pushes Marya to choose between himself and Stephan, while refusing to forfeit his own marriage to Lois. Torn, Marya pities Stephan, which he resents. As her affair with Heidler breaks down, Stephan bolts leaving Marya's fate in the hands of Heidler and Lois.

Background

Rhys and her first of three husbands Jean Lenglet, a multilingual Dutch journalist and French Intelligence Service spy, met in London in 1917.[4] After World War I they roamed Europe, marrying in The Hague in 1919. They moved between Amsterdam, Belgium, Paris and Vienna where, from 1920, Lenglet was a secretary-interpreter with the Inter-Allied Commission of Control's Japanese delegation, which monitored disarmament in Austria-Hungary.[5] When the job transferred him to Budapest, Lenglet was caught using Commission money for currency speculation. When he failed to repay the money on time, he and Rhys absconded back to Paris, with the Inter-Allied Commission on his trail. French solicitors meanwhile pursued Lenglet over a previous undissolved marriage (Rhys being the third of his five wives). In Paris on 28 December 1924 Lenglet was arrested, accused by his new employer, American travel agency Exprinter, of embezzling 23,421 francs. He denied the charge, claiming the company had given him the money for a transaction, but his defence was dismissed and on 10 February 1925 he was sentenced to eight months at Fresnes Prison.[3]

This left Rhys destitute and panic-stricken. With Lenglet's agreement from jail, Rhys allowed herself to be taken in by Ford Madox Ford and Stella Bowen. She had met the couple in 1924 when, penniless with Lenglet working away as a journalist, she tried selling some of his articles through Mrs H Pearl Adam, a well connected British expatriate she met a tea party.[6] Wife of wartime The Times correspondent George Adam and daughter of Truth columnist C. E. Humphry, Mrs Adam herself wrote for the Evening Standard, The Observer, The Sunday Times and other newspapers.

Thinking Lenglet's articles unmarketable, as an afterthought Mrs Adam perused Rhys's diary of her time in London, Paris, Vienna and Budapest. Seeing literary potential, Mrs Adam allowed Rhys to live with her while helping edit and divide the diary into stories, then sent Jean to Ford Madox Ford, who helped new writers.[6]

Ford mentored Rhys, published her first short story Vienne in The Transatlantic Review and introduced her to other contributors.[7] At Ford and Stella's parties she met people like Ernest Hemingway, Gertrude Stein, Alice B. Toklas and painter Nina Hamnett.

Under Ford and Bowen's roof, with Lenglet in jail, an affair developed between Jean Rhys and Ford, which Stella Bowen initially tolerated. She asked Rhys to pose for paintings, gave her clothes and confided in her, outwardly befriending her but silently disapproving.[8] Presenting a respectable front, the couple took Rhys to Le Dôme Café and other intellectual gathering spots on the Boulevard du Montparnasse, showing her off as Ford's protégé while rivalry grew between Stella and Jean, and tension formed between Stella and Ford. The trio's nonchalant façade was what Quartet's earlier title Postures alluded to.

By the time of Lenglet's prison release the Ford affair was unhidden and Lenglet felt betrayed. Soon after, due to his French criminal record Lenglet was expelled, returning to his native Holland without Rhys.

Ford and Stella sent Jean to Juan-les-Pins, finding her a live-in job ghostwriting a book on reincarnation and interior design for Rudolph Valentino's mother-in-law Winifred, second wife of American cosmetics millionaire Richard Hudnut.

With that, the 'quartet' after which the novel is named was dissolved.

Jean Rhys revisited her relationships with Lenglet and Ford but neither lasted. Ford and Stella separated in 1927 after nine years together. Rhys and Lenglet remained intermittently estranged, formally separating in 1928 and divorcing in 1933. The pair remained close friends, bound by their daughter Maryvonne Lenglet, who was three and in care at the time of her father's imprisonment but later became his custodian.[9]

This traumatic episode is considered one of Rhys's greatest creative catalysts, resulting in Quartet launching her career as a novelist.[10] She comments on “L’Affaire Ford” in the Jean Rhys papers.[11][12]

Jonathan Cape, who had published Rhys's The Left Bank and Other Stories, rejected Quartet as libellous, recognising the notable Ford Madox Ford in its plot. With the help of Rhys's subsequent husband, editor and literary agent Leslie Tilden Smith, Quartet was published in 1928 by Chatto and Windus.[13]

Quartet's real life character counterparts each published their own version of this episode from their respective viewpoints, all fictionalised except for Stella Bowen's memoir Drawn from Life (1941) which recalls Rhys disparagingly.[8][14] Quartet was the first published of the four and is the only one still in print. Ford Madox Ford's When the Wicked Man (1932) portrays Rhys as hysterical drunken Creole journalist Lola Porter, who uses Joseph Notterdam (Ford's character).[15][16] Jean Lenglet's version appeared under the nom de plume Édouard de Nève in Dutch, French and English.[7] His Dutch novel was called In de Strik (1932).[17] His French version was Sous les Verrous (1933).[18] Jean Rhys translated Sous les Verrous into English as Barred (1932) for Lenglet, who dedicated it to her.[19] Her translation edited down the Bowen character, softened her own and revived Lenglet's writing career.

In old age Rhys wrote of marriage to Lenglet, their life around Europe, meeting Ford and his literary coaching, in Smile Please: An Unfinished Autobiography (1979), which was published posthumously.

Adaptations

The 1981 Merchant Ivory film of the same name, starring Isabelle Adjani, Maggie Smith and Alan Bates, won Adjani the Cannes Film Festival Award for Best Actress[20] and Smith the Evening Standard Awards Best Actress award.

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gollark: Update on the automatic meme classification thing: after far too much time dealing with various dependencyish issues, my stuff is being run through CLIP and extremely janky OCR then a sentence embedding model. I will begin work on actually implementing a classifier once the script finishes running on everything.
gollark: I mean, it's probably a better metric than picking randomly.
gollark: Great, I'll go investigate these on the weekend or something.
gollark: Do you know more about that? I can't find any information on that easily.

References
  1. Wiesenfarth, Joseph (2016). ""Quartet" With Variation: Ford Madox Ford, Stella Bowen, Jean Rhys, Jean Lenglet". International Ford Madox Ford Studies. 15: 175–187. ISSN 1569-4070. JSTOR 44871879.
  2. Angier, Carole (February 2011). Jean Rhys : life and work. London. ISBN 978-0-571-27641-7. OCLC 727028081.
  3. Pizzichini, Lilian (2009). The blue hour : a life of Jean Rhys (1st ed.). New York: W.W. Norton & Co. ISBN 978-0-393-05803-1. OCLC 283802817.
  4. "Williams, Ella Gwendolen Rees (1890?–1979)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2018-02-06, doi:10.1093/odnb/9780192683120.013.31833
  5. Rhys, Jean. (1981). Smile please : an unfinished autobiography. London: Penguin Books. ISBN 0-14-018405-8. OCLC 34080068.
  6. "Papers of H Pearl Adam - Archives Hub". archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk. Retrieved 2020-03-22.
  7. Critical perspectives on Jean Rhys. Frickey, Pierrette M. (1st ed.). Washington, D.C.: Three Continents Press. 1990. ISBN 0-89410-059-9. OCLC 21600877.CS1 maint: others (link)
  8. Bowen, Stella. (1999). Drawn from life : a memoir. Sydney [Australia]: Picador. ISBN 0-330-36164-3. OCLC 47706613.
  9. Mostert, S. Mostert en S. J. "MARYVONNE LENGLET (1922-2000) » Genealogie Mostert » Genealogy Online". Genealogy Online. Retrieved 2020-03-19.
  10. "How Jean Rhys became a writer » Wide Sargasso Sea Study Guide from Crossref-it.info". crossref-it.info. Retrieved 2020-03-22.
  11. "Collection: Jean Rhys archive, 1920-1991 | The University of Tulsa Archival Catalog". utulsa.as.atlas-sys.com. ("L'Affair Ford" is a typescript in the Jean Rhys Papers Box 2, folder 23). Retrieved 2020-03-20.
  12. "The Jean Rhys Papers". The University of Tulsa McFarlin Library. Archived from the original on 2007-05-25.
  13. Gardiner, Judith Kegan (1982). "Rhys Recalls Ford: Quartet and The Good Soldier". Tulsa Studies in Women's Literature. 1 (1): 67–81. doi:10.2307/464093. ISSN 0732-7730. JSTOR 464093.
  14. "Adulterous liaisons: Jean Rhys, Stella Bowen and feminist reading – AHR". Retrieved 2020-03-20.
  15. O’Connor, Elizabeth (2012-01-01), "Beyond Vengeance: Ford's when the Wicked Man as a Writerly Response to Jean Rhys", in Haslam, Sara; O'Malley, Seamus (eds.), Ford Madox Ford and America, Brill | Rodopi, pp. 121–137, doi:10.1163/9789401208413_011, ISBN 978-94-012-0841-3, retrieved 2020-03-20
  16. Ford, Ford Madox (1932). When the Wicked Man. London: Jonathon Cape. ISBN 1447461630. OCLC 892088061.
  17. Nève, Ed. de (1929). In de strik (in Dutch). Amsterdam: Andries Blitz. OCLC 49835401.
  18. Nève, Edouard de (1933). Sous les verrous (in French). Paris. OCLC 561995407.
  19. Nève, Edouard de; Rhys, Jean (1932). Barred. Translated by Jean Rhys. London: Desmond Harmsworth. OCLC 753093378.
  20. "Festival de Cannes: Quartet". festival-cannes.com. Retrieved 2020-03-21

Further reading
  • Angier, Carole, Jean Rhys: Life and Work, London, André Deutsch, 1990
  • Pizzichini, Lilian, The Blue Hour: A Life of Jean Rhys, New York, W. W. Norton & Company, 2009
  • Frickey, Pierrette M, Critical Perspectives on Jean Rhys, Washington, DC, Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1990
  • Rhys, Jean, Smile Please: An Unfinished Autobiography, London, André Deutsch, 1979
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