Qin's campaign against the Xiongnu

In 215 BC, Qin Shi Huangdi ordered General Meng Tian to set out against the Xiongnu tribes in the Ordos region, and establish a frontier region at the loop of the Yellow River.[1] Believing that the Xiongnu were a possible threat, the emperor launched a preemptive strike against the Xiongnu with the intention to expand his empire.[1]

Qin's campaign against the Xiongnu
Date 215 BC Location Ordos region Result Qin victory Building of the Great Wall of China serves as a barrier between Nomadic territory and Chinese State established.
Belligerents
Qin dynasty	Xiongnu
Commanders and leaders
Meng Tian	Touman
Strength
Reported as 100,000 or 300,000 troops [1][2]	—

Later in the year, Meng Tian succeeded in defeating the Xiongnu, driving them from the Ordos and seizing their homeland.[3] After the catastrophic defeat at the hands of Meng Tian, the Xiongnu leader Touman was forced to flee far north into the Mongolian Plateau.[4] As a result of the northward expansion, the threat that the Qin empire posed to the Xiongnu ultimately led to the reorganisation of the many different Xiongnu tribes united into a confederacy against the unified Chinese state.[5]

Aftermath

Following the victory against the nomads, Meng Tian was instructed to secure the frontier with a line of fortifications, which would become known as the Great Wall of China.[6] Crown Prince Fusu and General Meng Tian were stationed at a garrison in Suide and soon began with the construction of the walled defenses, which would be connected with the old walls from the Qin, Yan, and Zhao states.[7] The Qin walls ran from Liaodong to Lintao, thus enclosing the conquered Ordos region. However, the garrison was abandoned from the civil war after the death of Qin Shi Huang leading the dynasty's collapse. The chaos of the interregnum Chu–Han Contention allowed the Xiongnu under Modu Chanyu to recapture the territory that they had previously lost to the Chinese and to conquer and subjugated other nomadic tribe such as the Yuezhi and Donghu. Before long, they began raids into China under the newly established Han dynasty leading up the Emperor Gaozu of Han to launch a campaign against them at the Battle of Baideng, which result into total humiliating defeat by the Nomads.[3]

See also

• Qin's campaign against the Yue tribes
• Han–Xiongnu War

References

1. Cosmo 1999, 964.
2. Ebrey, Walthall & Palais 2009, 51.
3. Beckwith 2009, 71.
4. Beckwith 2009, 71–72.
5. Cosmo 1999, 892–893.
6. Higham 2004, 221.
7. Cheng 2005, 15.

Bibliography

• Beckwith, Christopher I. (2009). Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 9780691150345.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Cheng, Dalin (2005). "The Great Wall of China". Borders and border politics in a globalizing world. Lanham: SR Books. ISBN 0-8420-5103-1.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Cosmo, Nicola Di (1999). "The northern frontier in pre-imperial China". The Cambridge history of ancient China: From the origins of civilization to 221 B.C. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-47030-7.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Ebrey, Patricia Buckley; Walthall, Anne; Palais, James B. (2009). East Asia: A cultural, social, and political history (2nd ed.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 978-0-547-00534-8.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Higham, Charles F.W. (2004). Encyclopedia of ancient Asian civilizations. New York: Facts On File. ISBN 0-8160-4640-9.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)