Valvetrain

A valvetrain or valve train is a mechanical system that controls operation of the intake and exhaust valves in an internal combustion engine.[1] The intake valves control the flow of air/fuel mixture (or air alone for direct-injected engines) into the combustion chamber, while the exhaust valves control the flow of spent exhaust gasses out of the combusion chamber once combustion is completed.[2]

Cutaway of a dual overhead camshaft engine
1969 AMC V8 overhead valve engine. The rocker cover has been removed, so the pushrods, rocker arms and valve springs and valves are visible

Layout

The valvetrain layout is largely dependent on the location of the camshaft(s). The common valvetrain configurations for piston engines are:

Cam-in-block
The camshaft is located within the engine block, as either an overhead valve (OHV) or flathead engine. Because they often use pushrods, OHV engines are often called "pushrod engines".
Overhead camshaft
The camshaft(s) are located near the top of the engine, above the combustion chamber.
Camless
This layout uses no camshafts at all. Technologies such as solenoids are used to individually actuate the valves.

Components

The valvetrain consists of all the components responsible for transferring the rotational movement of the camshaft into the opening and closing of the intake and exhaust valves. Typical components are listed below in order from the crankshaft to the valves.

Camshaft
Main article: Camshaft

The timing and lift profile of the valve opening events are controlled by the camshaft, through use of a carefully shaped lobe on a rotating shaft. The camshaft is driven by the crankshaft and— in the case of a four-stroke engine— rotates at half the speed of the crankshaft.

Motion is transferred from the crankshaft to the camshaft most commonly by a rubber timing belt, a metallic timing chain or a set of gears.

Pushrod

Pushrods are long, slender metal rods that are used in overhead valve engines to transfer motion from the camshaft (located in the engine block) to the valves (located in the cylinder head). The bottom end of a pushrod is fitted with a lifter, upon which the camshaft makes contact. The camshaft lobe moves the lifter upwards, which moves the pushrod. The top end of the lifter pushes on the rocker arm, which opens the valve.

Rocker arm / bucket tappet

Depending on the design used, the valves are actuated by a rocker arm, finger or bucket tappet. Overhead camshaft engines use fingers or bucket tappets, upon which the cam lobes contact.[3] Overhead valve engines use rocker arms, which are actuated by a pushrod and pivot on a shaft or individual ball studs in order to actuate the valves.

Valves

Most modern engines use poppet valves type, although sleeve valves, slide valves and rotary valves have also been used at times. Poppet valves are typically opened by the camshaft lobe or rocker arm, and closed by a coiled spring called a valve spring.

Valve float occurs when the valve spring is unable to control the inertia of the valvetrain at high engine speeds (RPM).[4][5]

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See also

References
  1. Brain, Marshall (5 April 2000). "How Car Engines Work". HowStuffWorks. Retrieved 29 January 2014.
  2. "Sci-Tech Dictionary: "valvetrain"". Answers.com. Retrieved 29 January 2014.
  3. "What is the difference between OHV, OHC, SOHC and DOHC engines?". www.samarins.com. Retrieved 23 January 2020.
  4. Cranswick, Marc (2011). The Cars of American Motors: An Illustrated History. McFarland. p. 80. ISBN 9780786446728. Retrieved 29 January 2014.
  5. Vizard, David (1992). How to Build and Modify Chevrolet Small-Block V-8 Camshafts and Valves. Motorbooks International. p. 114. ISBN 9780879385958. Retrieved 29 January 2014.
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