Pungwe River

Pungwe River (Portuguese: Rio Púngoè or Rio Púnguè[3]) is a 400 km (250 mi) long river in Zimbabwe and Mozambique.[1][2] It rises below Mount Nyangani in the Eastern Highlands of Zimbabwe and then flows southeasteastward through the Manica and Sofala provinces of Mozambique. the Pungwe enters the Urema Valley, the southernmost portion of the Great Rift Valley, where it forms the southern boundary of Gorongosa National Park. The Urema River joins it, and the river follows the rift valley southward. Large seasonal wetlands form around the Pungwe and Urema rivers in the rift valley section. It empties into the Mozambique Channel at Beira, forming a large estuary.[2] It is one of the major rivers of Mozambique and often causes floods.[1][2]

Beira at the mouth of the Pungwe River, as seen from the International Space Station
The Pungwe River flooding as seen from NASA MODIS satellite in 2010.
The Pungwe River in a normal state as seen from NASA MODIS satellite in 2009.
Pungwe River
Pungwe gorge in Nyanga National Park, Zimbabwe
Map of the Pungwe River basin
Native nameRio Púngoè or Rio Púnguè  (Portuguese)
Location
CountryZimbabwe and Mozambique
Physical characteristics
Source 
 • locationEastern Highlands (Zimbabwe)
 • elevation1,500 metres (4,900 ft)
Mouth 
 • location
Indian Ocean: Beira
 • coordinates
19.865278°S 34.818611°E / -19.865278; 34.818611
 • elevation
0 metres (0 ft)
Length400 km (250 mi)
Basin size31,151 km2 (12,027 sq mi)
Discharge 
 • average120 m3/s (4,200 cu ft/s)[1] to 133 m3/s (4,700 cu ft/s)[2]
Basin features
Tributaries 
 • leftVunduzi River, Urema River
 • rightHonde River

Tributaries

The principal left tributaries are, from upstream to downstream, the Nhazonia, Txatola, Vinduzi, and Nhandugue-Urema. The right tributaries are the Honde and the Muda.

Pungwe basin

Administratively, the Pungwe Basin covers parts of Sofala and Manica provinces in Mozambique, and a large part of Mutasa District in Zimbabwe. A small portion of the basin in Zimbabwe falls in Nyanga District.[2] As of 2003, the basin's population in Mozambique is estimated at about 1,104,000 people and that for Zimbabwe at 96,000 people.[2]

Water supply systems

Beira metropolitan area in Mozambique receives its water supply from the Pungwe River. The 2004 water demand from the Beira/Dondo water supply, which included the Mutua and Mafambisse areas, was estimated at 25,339 cubic metres (894,800 cu ft)/day.

The city of Mutare is supplied from the Pungwe River through an inter-catchment transfer facility. The quantities transferred to are limited to a maximum of 0.7 cubic metres (25 cu ft)/second by the provisions of a water permit and system design. In addition, on 27 September 1995, it was agreed at a meeting of the Mozambican and Zimbabwean ministers responsible for water affairs that water could be abstracted from the Pungwe River to supply the city of Mutare, with an upper limit of 1 cubic metre (35 cu ft)/second. Consequently, a fixed abstraction of 60,480 cubic metres (2,136,000 cu ft) per day by Mutare city has been adopted as water demand from the Pungwe River. The Mutasa Rural District is also expected to draw water from the Pungwe pipeline to supply villages along its route.[2]

Climate change is predicted to lead to about 10% reduction in annual rainfall. This implies decreased river flow and available water for the Pungwe River basin, with possibly severe consequences for agricultural production. While the between-year variability in flow is not predicted to change significantly, within-year variability is expected to increase. This will worsen both floods and droughts.[1]

gollark: Yes.
gollark: (it can't go below 1, but the rate of new blocks was 0.699-decimated)
gollark: <@787842144492585050> Raising the block value will not happen. A week ago or something like that it was effectively *lowered*.
gollark: For now, yes.
gollark: I'm glad I put secure doors on the restricted areas because people can be so silly.

References
  1. Andersson, Lotta; Samuelsson, Patrick; Kjellström, Erik (2011). "Assessment of climate change impact on water resources in the Pungwe river basin". Tellus A. 63 (1): 138–157. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0870.2010.00480.x.
  2. SWECO & Associates (April 2004). The Pungwe River Monograph. Main Report. SWECO Project No: 1150447 (PDF). Government of the Republic of Mozambique; Government of the Republic of Zimbabwe; Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (Sida). 64 pp.
  3. "GeoNames Search". Geographic Names Database. National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency, USA. Retrieved 19 October 2016.
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