Psittacanthus biternatus

Psittacanthus biternatus is a species of mistletoe in the family Loranthaceae, which is native to Brazil, Venezuela,[3][1][4] and Colombia.[3]

Psittacanthus biternatus
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Order: Santalales
Family: Loranthaceae
Genus: Psittacanthus
Species:
P. biternatus
Binomial name
Psittacanthus biternatus
Synonyms

Loranthus biternatus Hoffmanns.[1]
Loranthus pohlii A.DC.[1]
Psittacanthus glaucocoma Eichler[1][3]
Psittacanthus leiternetus (Hoffmanns.) Blume[1]
Glossidea biternata (Hoffmanns.) Tiegh.[3]
Glossidea glaucocoma (Eichler) Tiegh.[3]

Description

Kuijt[4] describes Psittacanthus biternatus as having:

  • paired leaves are broadly obovate (egg shaped) to nearly round, with obtuse bases and apices rounded, with petioles 8–10 mm long, with often obscure palmate to pinnate venation;
  • branches and stems are circular in cross-section;
  • the inflorescence is axillary only;
  • the peduncles of the inflorescence, of the triad, and the pedicel of the flower are all 6–7 mm long, and are red;
  • the straight or nearly straight buds are about 4 cm long;
  • all parts (including the inflorescence and buds) have short dense papillae (nipple like structures);
  • the inner floral tube has red hairs below the anthers;
  • the base of the style is smooth (glabrous);
  • petals colored red at the base and orange or yellow at the apex;
  • the ellipsoidal fruits are 10–12 mm long, 9–10 mm long; and are black when ripe, and are not crowned;[1]
  • the seeds are 7–9 mm long, 5 mm wide, and have 2-3 cotyledons.[1]

It is hemiparasitic and has no epicortical roots.[1]

Psittacanthus biternatus is distinguished from other Psittacanthus species by its generally obovate or circular leaves, its axillary inflorescences in the older branches and its main and secondary peduncles being red, and its uncrowned black fruit.[1]

It flowers and fruits throughout the year and is pollinated by hummingbirds and dispersed by birds (tyrannids and traupids). It parasites several species of angiosperms, but more frequently Pouteria ramiflora, Byrsonima coccolobifolia and B. crassifolia.[1]

Distribution

In Brazil, it is found in the Amazon Rainforest, Caatinga, Central Brazilian Savanna, and the Atlantic Rainforest, inhabiting the vegetation types of Caatinga, Amazonian Campinarana, Cerrado, riverine forest and/or gallery forest, Terra Firme Forest, Várzea forest, and coastal forest(Restinga).[1]

Taxonomy

Psittacanthus biternatus was first described by Johann Centurius Hoffmannsegg in 1829 as Loranthus biternatus,[5][2] and in 1834, George Don reassigned it to the newly described genus Psittacanthus.[6][7]

Etymology

Psittacanthos comes from the Greek psittakos (parrot), and the Greek anthos (flower), possibly chosen, according to Don,[7] because of the bright colours. The specific epithet, biternatus, is the Latin for twice ternate, which according to Stearn[8] means each of the three main divisions, being itself divided in three. In this case, it refers to the inflorescence which is an umbel of triads, which is often a pair (see illustration on p 89 of Kuijt[4]).

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References
  1. "Psittacanthus biternatus (Hoffmanns.) G.Don". Flora do Brasil 2020: Algae, Fungi, Plants, Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro. Retrieved 5 November 2018.
  2. Hoffmansegg (1829) Systema Vegetabilium, ed. 15 bis [Roemer & Schultes] 7(1): 124.
  3. Govaerts, R. et. al. 2018. "Plants of the World online: Psittacanthus biternatus". Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 5 November 2018.
  4. Kuijt, J (2009) Monograph of Psittacanthus (Loranthaceae). Systematic Botany Monographs 86, 1-361. JSTOR
  5. "IPNI: Loranthus biternatus". International Plant Names Index. Retrieved 5 November 2018.
  6. "IPNI: Psittacanthus biternatus". International Plant Names Index. Retrieved 5 November 2018.
  7. Don, G. (1834) "A general history of the dichlamydeous plants :comprising complete descriptions of the different orders...the whole arranged according to the natural system 3: 415".
  8. Stearn, W.S. (1992) Botanical Latin (4th Ed.) p. 376. Timber Press, Oregon. ISBN 9780881926279
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