Pseudo-anglicism

A pseudo-anglicism is a word in another language that is formed from English elements and may appear to be English, but that does not exist as an English word.[1][2][3]

For example, English speakers traveling in France may be struck by the number of words used in French that look similar to English, but which do not exist in English, such as baby-foot, or baby-parc.[4]

This is different from false friends, which are words that do exist in English, but with a different main meaning between English and the other language.

Definition and terminology

There have been a few spellings, and many definitions proposed for pseudo-anglicism. Sometimes it is written as two words, sometimes as a hyphenated word, and sometimes as a single word without the hyphen. The 'A' is sometimes capitalized. Several other terms have been used, such as "secondary anglicism,"[5] "false anglicism,"[6] and "pseudo-English" is heard as well.[7]

In discussing lexical borrowing (and also translation), academic works will often refer to source language or donor language, and the receptor language or recipient language and may use SL and RL as abbreviations. In the case of anglicisms and loanwords from English, the source language is English, and the receptor language is the foreign language borrowing the English word or semantic elements.[8] Some German works even refer to these concepts using the English terms, untranslated.[9]

Numerous definitions have been proposed. Many researchers quote David Duckworth, who wrote that pseudo-anglicisms are "German neologisms derived from English language material."[8][10] Furiassi's is broader and includes words that may exist in English, though only with a "conspicuously different meaning".[11]

Typology and mechanism

Pseudo-anglicisms can be created in various ways, such as by archaism, i.e., words which once had that meaning in English but are since abandoned; semantic slide, where an English word is used incorrectly to mean something else; conversion of existing words from one part of speech to another; or recombinations by reshuffling English units.[12]

Onysko speaks of two types: pseudo-anglicisms and hybrid anglicisms. The common factor is that each type represents a neologism in the receptor language resulting from a combination of borrowed lexical items from English. Using German as the receptor language, an example of the first type is Wellfit-Bar, a combination of two English lexical units to form a new term in German, which does not exist in English, and which carries the meaning, "a bar that caters to the needs of health-starved people." An example of the second type, is a hybrid based on a German compound word, de:wikt:Weitsprung (long jump), plus the English 'coach', to create the new German word Weitsprung-Coach.[8]

According to Filipović, pseudoanglicisms can be formed through composition, derivation, or ellipsis. Composition in Serbo-Croatian involves creating a new compound from an English word to which is added the word man, as in the example, "GOAL" + man, giving golman. In derivation, a suffix -er or -ist is added to an anglicism, to create a new word in Serbo-Croatian, such as teniser, or waterpolist. An ellipsis drops something, and starts from a compound and drops a component, or from a derivative and drops -ing, as in boks from "boxing", or "hepiend" from "happy ending".[13]

Another process of word formation that can result in a pseudo-anglicism is a blend word, consisting of portions of two words, like brunch or smog. Rey-Debove & Gagnon attest tansad in French in 1919, from English tan[dem] + sad[dle].[14]

Scope

Pseudo-anglicisms can be found in many languages that have contact with English around the world, and are attested in nearly all European languages.[15]

Examples

CJK languages

Japanese

Further information: List of gairaigo and wasei-eigo terms

• Salaryman (サラリーマン, sararīman)[16] – a white collar employee (salaried worker)
• Pokémon ("pocket monster")[16]

Korean

Main article: Konglish

Romance

French

• baby-foot[4] (m, pronounced [ba.bi.fut]) – table football
• baby-parc[4] – playpen
• night shop (m, Belgium) – late-opening grocery shop
• rallye-paper[4] – a "fox-and-hounds" like game, except with paper scraps instead of foxes[17]
• recordman (m; pl: recordmans; f:Recordwoman) – record holder in sports
• relooker (verb) to make over; also: relooking (n; masc.) – a makeover
• rugbyman (n; masc.) – rugby player
• shake-hand[4]
• tennisman – a tennis player

Italian

• anti-doping – dope testing
• autogrill (Italian pronunciation: [autoˈɡril])[18] – motorway service area (used for any brand, not only for Autogrill chain)
• autostop [19] – hitchhike
• bar – coffee shop, café
• basket – basketball
• beauty – beauty case
• beauty farm [20] – spa
• block-notes or bloc-notes (Italian pronunciation: [blɔkˈnɔtes]) [21] – notebook
• body – bodysuit, leotard
• book – portfolio (for models)
• box – garage
• camping – campground
• cotton fioc – Q-tip, cotton swab
• far west – lawless
• fashion – fashionable
• feeling – chemistry, affinity, on the same wavelength
• fiction – TV series
• film splatter – horror movie
• flipper – pinball
• flirt (noun) – flirtation, fling
• footing – jogging
• gadget – give-away, swag
• golf – sweater
• jolly – wild card, joker, jack-of-all-trades, trump card
• lifting – face lift
• mail – email
• mister – coach
• mobbing – workplace bullying
• montgomery – duffle coat
• night – nightclub
• parking – parking lot
• pile – fleece
• plaid – throw blanket
• pullman – bus, coach
• pusher – drug dealer [current usage]
• relax – relaxation
• scotch – tape
• sexy shop – sex shop
• shooting – photo shoot
• showgirl – variety show presenter
• slip – panties, underwear
• shopper – tote bag
• smart working – remote working
• smoking – tuxedo
• social – social media plaforms
• spot – ad
• stage – internship
• testimonial – spokesmodel, ambassador
• ticket – co-pay
• tip tap – tap dancing
• toni [only in Florence] – tracksuit
• top – top model
• trash – tacky

Germanic

Danish

• Babylift – baby transport/carrycot[22]
• Cottoncoat – trench coat[23]
• Cowboytoast – minced meat sandwich[24]
• Grillparty – a barbecue party[25]
• Monkeyclass – economy class[26]
• Speedmarker – a felt-tip pen[27]
• Stationcar – a contraction of station wagon (US) and estate car (UK)[28]
• Timemanager – a calendar or notebook in which you write down appointments (from the registered trademark Time Manager)[29]

Dutch

• Beamer – a video projector
• Touringcar – a Coach (bus)

German

Many of the following examples may be found in several words (Fun Sport), hyphenated (Fun-Sport), in one word (Funsport) or CamelCase (FunSport).

• Dressman – male model (Onysko calls this the 'canonical example' of a pseudo-anglicism.[8])
• Wellfit-Bar – a bar that carries a variety of healthy drinks [8]
• Beamer – a video projector
• Jobticket – a free pass for public transport provided by an employer for employees
• Handy – a mobile phone
• Wellness – a Spa

Swedish

• After ski – Drinks after skiing
• After work – a meeting for drinks after the workday is finished[30]
• Backslick – A wet combed-back hair style
• Yes box – Affirmative answer

Slavic

Polish

• Dres – tracksuit;[31] sometimes also chav(s) (short for dresiarz)

Russian

• Дресс-кроссинг ("Dress crossing") – clothing swap[32] (analogous to postcrossing, bookcrossing)
• Клипмейкер ("Clip maker") – music video director
• Страйкбол ("strikeball")[33][34] – airsoft
• Фейсконтроль ("Face control") – the policy of screening people based on their appearance

Serbo-Croatian

• Goalman (Golman / Голман) – Goalkeeper, Goalie
• Recorder (Rekorder / Рекордер) – record holder (in sports)

Austronesian

Tagalog

Main article: Philippine English

Further information: Taglish

• Jeepney – a mode of public transport in the Philippines, much like a form of share taxi[35]

See also

• Anglicism
• Barbarism (modern linguistics)
• Calque
• Denglisch
• False friend
• Language transfer
• Loanword
• List of pseudo-German words adapted to English
• List of pseudo-French words adapted to English
• Phono-semantic matching
• Wasei-eigo

References

1. Sicherl 1999, p. 14.
2. Duckworth 1977.
3. Onysko 2007, p. 52The term pseudo-anglicism" describes the phenomenon that occurs when the RL^{['receptor language'; p.14]} uses lexical elements of the SL^{['source language'; p.14]} to create a neologism in the RL that is unknown in the SL. For the German language, Duckworth simply defines pseudo anglicisms as German neologisms derived from English language material.
4. Ayres-Bennett 2014, p. 335.
5. Filipović 1990.
6. Saugera 2017, p. 54, 3.4.2 False anglicisms.
7. Picone 1996, p. 316.
8. Onysko 2007, p. 52.
9. Carstensen 2015, p. 77
   The influence of a 'donor language' upon a 'recipient language' can be seen also, and above all, in the so-called pseudo-loanwords, as the literature names them. Den intensiven Einfluß einer donor language auf eine recipient language zeigen auch und ganz besonders die in der Literatur so genannten Scheinentlehnungen an.
10. Duckworth 1977, ^{[page needed]} : Neubildungen der deutschen Sprache mit Englischem Sprachmaterial.; as quoted in: Carstensen (2015, p. 77)
11. Furiassi 2010, p. 34, quoted in Lujan-Garcia (2017, p. 281)
    "[A] word or idiom that is recognizably English in its form (spelling, pronunciation, morphology, or at least one of the three), but is accepted as an item in the vocabulary of the receptor language even though it does not exist or is used with a conspicuously different meaning in English."
12. Anderman 2005, p. 164.
13. Filipović 1990, p. 138–139, 4.7 Adaptation of pseudoanglicisms.
14. Rey-Debove 1990, p. 1018.
15. Furiassi 2015, p. 17.
16. Furiassi 2015, p. 42.
17. Geyer 1903, p. 19.
18. «Autogrill» , Vocabolario Treccani on line, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia italiana
19. «Autostop» , Vocabolario Treccani on line, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia italiana
20. «Beauty farm» , Vocabolario Treccani on line, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia italiana
21. «Bloc-Notes» , Vocabolario Treccani on line, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia italiana
22. babylift, Den Danske Ordbog
23. cottoncoat, Den Danske Ordbog
24. cowboytoast, Den Danske Ordbog
25. Smoby grill med burger og pølser – Nu kan de mindste holde grillparty
26. monkeyclass, Den Danske Ordbog
27. speedmarker, Den Danske Ordbog
28. stationcar, Den Danske Ordbog
29. timemanager, Den Danske Ordbog
30. "After work ett svenskt påhitt" (in Swedish). Dagens Nyheter. Retrieved 12 December 2015.
31. "dres". Słownik wyrazów obcych (in Polish). Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN. Retrieved 11 April 2012.
32. https://brjunetka.ru/chto-takoe-dress-krossing-i-v-chem-ego-preimushhestva/
33. «страйкбол», «Словари и энциклопедии на Академике»
34. Страйкбол, «Википедия»
35. Escalona, Katrina (5 September 2017). "16 English Words and Sayings Travellers Won't Understand in the Philippines". theculturetrip.com. Retrieved 7 January 2019.

Sources

• Anderman, Gunilla M.; Rogers, Margaret; Gottlieb, Henrik (1 January 2005). "11 Anglicisms and Translation". In and Out of English: For Better, for Worse?. Translating Europe. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters. p. 164. ISBN 978-1-85359-787-9. OCLC 812195823.
• Ayres-Bennett, Wendy; Carruthers, Janice; Temple, Rosalind (25 February 2014). "12.4 'Hybrids' and pseudo-anglicisms". Problems and Perspectives: Studies in the Modern French Language. Longman linguistics library. London: Routledge. p. 335. ISBN 978-1-317-88652-5. OCLC 871224464.
• Betz, Werner; Kolb, Herbert; Lauffer, Hartmut (1977). Sprachliche Interferenz (in German). Niemeyer. ISBN 978-3-484-10285-9.
• Carstensen, Broder (16 November 2015) [1st pub. Gunter Narr:1980]. "Semantische Scheinentlehnungen des Deutschen aus dem Englischen". In Viereck, Wolfgang (ed.). Studien zum Einfluß der englischen Sprache auf das Deutsche [Studies on the Influence of the English Language on German]. Tübingener beigrag zur Linguistik #132 (in German). BoD – Books on Demand. p. 77. ISBN 978-3-87808-132-6. OCLC 1006045710.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Campos-Pardillos, Miguel Ángel (2015). "All Is not English that Glitters: False Anglicisms in the Spanish Language of Sports" (PDF). Atlantis Journal of the Spanish Association of Anglo-American Studies. AEDEAN: Asociación española de estudios anglo-americanos. 37 (2): 155–174. eISSN 1989-6840. ISSN 0210-6124. JSTOR 24757788.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Duckworth, David (1977). Best, Werner; Kolb, Werner; Lauffer, Hartmut (eds.). Zur terminologischen Grundlage der Forschung auf dem Gebiet der englisch-deutschen Interferenz. Kritische Übersicht, und neue Vorschlag [The Terminological Basis of Research in the Field of English-German Interference. Critical Overview, and New Proposal.] (in German). Tübingen: Niemeyer. ISBN 9783484102859. OCLC 185584225. Neubildungen der deutschen Sprache mit Englischem Sprachmaterial.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Filipović, Rudof; Partridge, Monica; Herrity, Peter; Jones, Malcolm V.; Terry, Garth M. (1990). "Secondary Anglicisms in a Dictionary of Anglicisms in Serbo-Croatian". The Bell of freedom: essays presented to Monica Partridge on the occasion of her 75th birthday. Nottingham: Astra Press. ISBN 978-0-946134-17-5. OCLC 246527030. Retrieved 14 February 2018.
• Furiassi, Cristiano (2010). False Anglicisms in Italian. Monza (Milano): Polimetrica. ISBN 978-88-7699-203-2. OCLC 712112149.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Furiassi, Cristiano; Pulcini, Virginia; Rodríguez González, Félix (2012). The Anglicization of European Lexis. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing. p. 158. ISBN 978-90-272-1195-8.
• Furiassi, Cristiano; Gottlieb, Henrik (10 March 2015). "2 Qualifying pseudo-Anglicisms". Pseudo-English: Studies on False Anglicisms in Europe. Berlin: De Gruyter. p. 17. ISBN 978-1-5015-0023-7.
• Geyer's Stationer: Devoted to the Interests of the Stationery, Fancy Goods and Notion Trades. New York: Andrew Geyer. 1903. OCLC 1009011742. Retrieved 13 May 2018.
• Görlach, Manfred (2001). A Dictionary of European Anglicisms: A Usage Dictionary of Anglicisms in Sixteen European Languages. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-823519-4. OCLC 429029188. Retrieved 21 February 2018.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Görlach, Manfred (23 May 2002). English in Europe. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-158069-7. OCLC 768118863. Retrieved 21 February 2018.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Großmann, Anja (2008). "2.2 Die Typologie der Anglizismen nach Jürgen Spitzmüller". Frequenz und Verwendungskontexte des Anglizismus Design in der deutschen Sprache (Studienarbeit) (in German). GRIN Verlag. pp. 4–. ISBN 978-3-640-17674-8.
• Luján-García, Carmen (2017). "Analysis of the presence of Anglicisms in a Spanish internet forum: some terms from the fields of fashion, beauty and leisure". Alicante Journal of English Studies. 30. doi:10.14198/raei.2017.30.10.
• Onysko, Alexander (2007). "4 Pseudo anglicisms and hybrid anglicisms". Anglicisms in German: Borrowing, Lexical Productivity, and Written Codeswitching. Linguistik: Impulse & Tendenzen, 23. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. p. 52. ISBN 978-3-11-019946-8. OCLC 901310392.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Picone, Michael D. (18 October 1996). Anglicisms, Neologisms and Dynamic French. Lingvisticae Investigationes Supplementa Ser.,18. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company. p. 350. ISBN 978-90-272-7614-8. OCLC 769341957. Retrieved 14 February 2018.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Rey-Debove, Josette; Gagnon, Gilberte (1990). Dictionnaire des anglicismes : les mots anglais et américains en français [Dictionary of Anglicisms: English and American Words in French]. Usuels du Robert (in French). Paris: Le Robert. ISBN 9782850360275. OCLC 756955952.
• Saugera, Valérie (2017). Remade in France: Anglicisms in the Lexicon and Morphology of French. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-062554-2. OCLC 1013564643. Retrieved 14 February 2018.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Scheibel, Larissa (21 February 2007). "2.2 Entlehnungen". Anglizismen/Amerikanismen im Deutschen und Russischen am Beispiel von Online Zeitschriften (Master's thesis) (in German). GRIN Verlag. pp. 10–. ISBN 978-3-638-59645-9.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Sicherl, Eva; Šabec, Nada; Gabrovšek, Dušan (1999). The English Element in Contemporary Standard Slovene: Phonological, Morphological and Semantic Aspects. Razprave Filozofske fakultete. Znanstveni inštitut Filozofske fakultete. p. 14. ISBN 978-86-7207-114-6. OCLC 442412304.
• Winter, Werner; Societas Linguistica Europaea. Meeting (1995). On Languages and Language: The Presidential Addresses of the 1991 Meeting of the Societas Linguistica Europaea. Trends in linguistics., Studies and monographs; 78. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-013257-1. OCLC 924736602. Retrieved 14 February 2018.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Winter-Froemel, Esme (29 August 2011). "3.4 Entlehnung un Scheinentlehnung nach traditionellen Auffasungen". Entlehnung in der Kommunikation und im Sprachwandel: Theorie und Analysen zum Französischen (in German) (Berlin ed.). Walter de Gruyter. pp. 45–. ISBN 978-3-11-023506-7.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Yang, Wenliang (1 January 1990). "1.5.2.1 Fremdwort und Lehnwort". Anglizismen im Deutschen: am Beispiel des Nachrichtenmagazins 'Der Spiegel'. Reihe Germanistische Linguistik, 106 (in German). Tuebingen: Walter de Gruyter. pp. 12–. ISBN 978-3-11-167615-9.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
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Further reading

• James Stanlaw 2004, Japanese English: Language And The Culture Contact, Hong Kong University Press.
• Laura Miller 1997, "Wasei eigo: English ‘loanwords' coined in Japan" in The Life of Language: Papers in Linguistics in Honor of William Bright, edited by Jane Hill, P.J. Mistry and Lyle Campbell, Mouton/De Gruyter: The Hague, pp. 123–139.
• Geoff Parkes and Alan Cornell 1992, 'NTC's Dictionary of German False Cognates', National Textbook Company, NTC Publishing Group.
• Ghil'ad Zuckermann 2003, ‘‘Language Contact and Lexical Enrichment in Israeli Hebrew’’, Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan, (Palgrave Studies in Language History and Language Change, Series editor: Charles Jones). ISBN 1-4039-1723-X.

140.

External links

• Examples of Japanese pseudo-anglicisms