Protographium philolaus

Protographium philolaus, the dark zebra swallowtail or dark kite-swallowtail, is a butterfly of the family Papilionidae. It is found from southern Texas to northern South America.[2]

Protographium philolaus
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Insecta
Order:	Lepidoptera
Family:	Papilionidae
Genus:	Protographium
Species:	P. philolaus
Binomial name
Protographium philolaus (Boisduval, 1836)[1]
Synonyms
Papilio philolaus Boisduval, 1836 Eurytides philolaus Graphium philolaus Neographium philolaus Papilio philolaus ajax Eimer, 1889 (preocc. Linnaeus, 1758) Papilio philolaus nigrescens Eimer, 1889 Papilio philolaus f. niger Eimer, 1889 Papilio philolaus ab. felicis Fruhstorfer, 1904 Eurytides philolaus f. vazquezae Beutelspacher, 1976 Papilio xanticles Bates, 1863 Papilio plaesiolaus Staudinger, 1884 Papilio xanticles var. phileonra Haase, 1892 Papilio xanticles f. scheba Rothschild & Jordan, 1906 Eurytides xanticles Neographium xanticles

The wingspan is 90–95 mm. There are broad black bars on the upper surface of the forewings of the males. Females are similar, although some are almost completely black. Both sexes have long tails. Adults feed on flower nectar.

"Antenna black; the 7. pale green band of the forewing only represented by a spot; hindwing with 2 red spots posteriorly; on the under surface the red line of the hindwing edged with black at both sides, undulate anteriorly. Scent-scales of the male short, broad, irregular, produced in a number of filaments. The female is in 2 forms: female f. philolaus Boisd. similar to the male, the underside paler, female f. niger Eimer (nigrescens Eimer; felicis Fruhst.) the pale green bands of the membrane of the wings scaled with black, the wings therefore black with slight traces of the bands."[3]

Biology

The butterfly is found in low situations, often resting in crowds on the sand at the edge of rivers. The larvae feed on Annonaceae species.

Subspecies

There are two recognised subspecies:

• Protographium philolaus philolaus (Mexico, Honduras, Costa Rica, southern Texas) [4]
• Protographium philolaus xanticles (Bates, 1863) (Panama, northern Colombia, northern Venezuela)[5]

References

1. Protographium at funet
2. Butterflies and Moths of North America
3. Jordan, K. , in Seitz, A. ( 1907) . The Macrolepidoptera of the World. 5: The Macrolepidoptera of the American faunistic region. Papilionidae 1-45
4. Lewis, H. L., 1974 Butterflies of the World ISBN 0-245-52097-X Page 24, figure 2
5. Lewis, H. L., 1974 Butterflies of the World ISBN 0-245-52097-X Page 24, figure 7

Further reading

• Edwin Möhn, 2002 Schmetterlinge der Erde, Butterflies of the world Part XIIII (14), Papilionidae VIII: Baronia, Euryades, Protographium, Neographium, Eurytides. Edited by Erich Bauer and Thomas Frankenbach Keltern: Goecke & Evers; Canterbury: Hillside Books. ISBN 978-3-931374-87-7 All species and subspecies are included, also most of the forms. Several females are shown the first time in colour.