Private pension

A private pension is a plan into which individuals contribute from their earnings, which then will pay them a private pension after retirement. It is an alternative to the state pension. Usually individuals invest funds into saving schemes or mutual funds, run by insurance companies. Often private pensions are also run by the employer and are called occupational pensions. The contributions into private pension schemes are usually tax-deductible. This is similar to the regular pension.

People and households without private pensions

History

The first evidence of pension payments comes from the Roman Empire in the 1st century BC, but beginnings of private pensions go back to the 19th century. The first private pension plan in the USA was created in 1875 by the American Express Co.[1] But the growth of people coveraged by private pensions was relatively slow. In 1950, only 25 percent of employees in nonagricultural field were anticipated in some private pension system.[1][2][3]

Situation in the 21st century

Nowadays, governments of developed countries have reduced the amount of money for providing pension security. As a consequence, employer-sponsored and individual products become more popular. Most of these private pensions types are connected with financial markets, which brings some risks and uncertainty. For example, it can be the time difference between the date of conclusion the contract and income stream in the future or very low rate of return if we decide to invest our money into low-risk financial instruments (savings products). Usually, three-pillar pension system is introduced. The first pillar is related to state pensions, the second one to supplementary pensions and the third one to voluntary individual (private) pensions.[4]

Private pensions in the USA

One of the most used private pensions is Defined Contribution Plan. Each participant has his or her own individual account. Contributions are made to this account by an employer of a participant as a part of his or her wage. Each participant chooses some mutual funds, stocks or other securities to invest this amount of money. The return of this investment is continuously credited or deducted from individual's account. Money in this plan cannot be withdraw without penalty until the participant's retirement age.[5]

Another possibility in the USA is Defined Benefit Plan. This plan pays some amount of money at the time of retirement regardless the age of a participant. A monthly benefit depends on number of years worked, salary at the time of retirement and accrual rate. Defined Benefit Plan can be funded or unfunded. In a funded plan, the special fund for investing contributions of employers and participants is created. The return of investment is changeable, so there are not any guarantees of some level of future income. In an unfunded plan, there are no funds for paying benefits. The benefits to be paid are met by contributions to the plan or by some assets.[5]

Private pensions in the UK

In the UK, there are two main possibilities how to ensure additional money to the State Pension. Firstly, it is a workplace pension. In this case, the plan of savings for retirement is arranged by an employer. Part of your salary is automatically paid into the pension scheme every payday.[6]

The second possibility of private retirement savings is use of a personal pension. This type of pension is arranged by insured themselves. There are two types of personal pension – the stakeholder pension where is required meeting some government limits and self-invested personal pensions where participants make decisions themselves about investment in their pension fund.[7]

Both types of private pensions share similar features. The amount of money the participants get in retirement depends on how much they have paid in, how long they have had the private pension, their health condition and how well the pension fund's investments have done. Moreover, tax relieves are provided to private pension participants.[8]

Private pensions in Germany

In Germany, there are two private pensions plans – Riester Rente and Rürup Rente. They both follow the strategy of German government to reduce state-guaranteed pensions. This plans were designed to provide certain groups of residents with some benefits depending on their employment, economic situation and status.[9]

Riester Rente is designated for people who pay German income and wage taxes, employees who contributes to Public Retirement Insurance, civil servants and more. It is necessary to contribute at least 60 euros per year to get government subsidies. For gaining the maximal government support is required to paid at least 4% of participant's annual income. It is possible to save at most 2,100 euros per year. The amount of government subsidies is between 154 euros and 300 euros depending on fulfilling some conditions. This plan is regulated by the German Government. The participant have to be at least 60 years old to draw money back. All money you contribute to the pension system is guaranteed.[9]

Rürup Rente is primarily designated for people with high tax burden, but everyone can take part in. There are no government subsidies. On the other side, considerable tax relieves are connected with this plan. Rürup Rente provides lifelong pension which is guaranteed. The pension payment cannot start before reaching the age of 62.[9]

Private pensions in France

There are two occupational mandatory supplementary plans – ARRCO (Association des régimes de retraites complémentaires) for executive workers and AGIRC (Association genérale de institutions des retraires des cadres) for non-executive workers where employees and employers have to contribute. If the participant do not contribute all the time, their pension rates are lower. The benefits can be paid out from the age of 60, usually as annuities.[10]

Next, there are two voluntary pensions schemes – Funded occupational pension plan – PERCO (Plan d’épargne retraite) and Individual retirement savings plan - PERP (Plan d’épargne retraite populaire).[11]

In PERCO, employers have to offer several investment funds to employees with different portfolios. Employees can save at most one quarter of their gross annual salary. For employers, it is compulsory to contribute, but the minimum amount is not established. The maximum amount saved in a year horizon is 5,149 euros in total of employer's and employee's contributions. It is not possible use the money before retirement. Contributions made by employees subject to income tax, but return of investment and retirement benefits not.[11]

PERP is form of individual pension contributions which provides additional income in a retirement. The conditions of frequency and amount depend on pension insurance plan. Insurer is obliged to guarantee progressive increase of minimal level of benefits. Usually, benefits are paid out as annuities, but lump sum is also possible. Participating in PERP has also a tax benefit, because amount of money deposit to this scheme is tax-deductible up to 10% of your last year income.[11]

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References
  1. "The History of Retirement Benefits - Workforce". www.workforce.com. Retrieved 2019-03-30.
  2. Phipps, Melissa. "How The Pension Plan Was Born". The Balance. Retrieved 2019-03-30.
  3. E., Stiglitz, Joseph (2000). Economics of the public sector (3rd ed.). New York: W.W. Norton. ISBN 0393966518. OCLC 39485400.
  4. Clark, Gordon L., Whiteside, Noel. (2003). Pension security in the 21st century : redrawing the public-private debate. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0199261768. OCLC 53899587.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  5. "Pension Plans in the USA, Finance, USA | Expat-Quotes". www.expat-quotes.com. Retrieved 2019-03-30.
  6. "Workplace pensions". GOV.UK. Retrieved 2019-03-30.
  7. "Personal pensions". GOV.UK. Retrieved 2019-03-30.
  8. "Plan your retirement income". GOV.UK. Retrieved 2019-03-30.
  9. "How To Germany - Private Pension Plans in Germany". www.howtogermany.com. Retrieved 2019-03-30.
  10. "French pension guide: The French pension system for expats". Expat Guide to France | Expatica. Retrieved 2019-03-30.
  11. "Funded and private pensions - OECD". www.oecd.org. Retrieved 2019-03-30.
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