Principality of Zirkan

Principality of Zirkan (1335-1835) was a Kurdish principality founded in the north of Mardin in 1335[1].During the Aq Qoyunlu period, they controlled the Bitlis, Diyarbakır and Mardin regions.[2]

History

Zirkan Principality was founded in Mardin at the beginning of the 13th century. The Founders of this Principality are based on Sheikh Hassan Zerraki. It is estimated that Mardin Artuqids lived in the period of Salih Şems al-Din, who ruled between 1312-1364. In 1335, the Zirkan Principality was established after the conquest of Boğat Castle in Silvan by Zeydo, a descendant of Sheikh Hassan Zerraki.[2]

Tombstone of Hasan Zerraki

Aq Qoyunlu period

Zirkan Principality experienced its strongest period during Aq Qoyunlu period.The Beylik region includes Mardin, Diyarbakir and Bitlis regions. Aq Qoyunlu ruler uzun Hasan married the daughter of Ömer Bey, one of the Lords of Zirkan, in 1483 and the Bitlis region was given to the Principality of Zirkan by Aq Qoyunlu[3]. In 1507 the territory of the Principality of Zirkan was occupied by the Safavids.

Ottoman period

The Zirki principalities of Ottoman Kurdistan were dynastic estates governed by Kurdish emirs of the Zirki tribe and granted special autonomy by the Ottoman sultanate from 1514-1835.[4] Selim I made a pact with Kurdish tribal leaders, allowing them to continue to rule over their homelands in exchange for their support in defending the Ottoman borders from the Safavid Empire.[5]After the Battle of Caldiran in 1514, the Zirkan Beylik began to rule the region with other Kurdish principalities within the Ottoman empire.[6] Zirkan Beylik left several architectural works in the 15th century. The most important of these is Ahmet Bey Mosque. It was captured by Bitlis Principality of Gurdikan district of Siirt's Zirkan Principality in 1709. The rulers of the principality rebelled in 1830, but were defeated by the Ottomans in 1835, and the family members of this family were exiled to the city Edirne, thus the Zirkan principality ended. [7].

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References
  1. Zayd " in (Zeydo), a descendant of Sheikh Zarrakin), In 1335, he took Boğat " s Castle and became ruler of this place.(İbnu'l-Münşi)
  2. Pekol (2017).
  3. Beysanoğlu, C.2, s. 512
  4. Bayraktar, Ugur (2016). Restoring the Property: The Land Code of 1858 and Private Property in Ottoman Kurdistan (PDF). Old and New Worlds: the Global Challenges of Rural History: International Conference. Lisbon. pp. 3–4.
  5. Ateş, Sabri (2012). Ottoman-Iranian Borderlands: Making a Boundary, 1843–1914. Google Books: Cambridge University Press. pp. 17–18. ISBN 1107245087.
  6. Jongerden, Joost l (2013). Social Relations in Ottoman Diyarbekir(Atak and Tercil), 1870-1915. Google Books. pp. 37–41.
  7. Gencer, Fatih (2005). Fatih Gencer,Bedirhan Bey Incident in the Context of Centralized Administrative Regulations. 1. Ankara. pp. 23–26.

Pekol, Fatih (2017), "Principality of Zirkan and History of Zirkan", Mardin Artuklu University (in Turkish): 1-34

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