Poupou (architecture)

A poupou is a wall panel located underneath the veranda of a Māori wharenui (meeting house).[1] It is generally built to represent the spiritual connection between the tribe and their ancestors and thus each poupou is carved with emblems of the tohunga whakairo’s (carver's) particular lineage.[1] The poupou may also be decorated with representations of the tribe's ancestral history, legends and migration stories to New Zealand.[2] As such each wharenui, and by extension the poupou, are thus treated with the utmost respect, as if it were an ancestor.

Poupou from the early 18th century (from the iwi Te Aitanga-a-Hauiti), last object of the first voyage of James Cook (1768-1771), gift to Joseph Banks, now at the Museum of the University of Tübingen MUT (Germany)

Tohunga whakairo (carver)

For Māori the ability to carve wooden crafts is both a spiritual and intellectual endeavour.[3]

The tohunga whakairo had to be well versed in his tribal lineage and history to carve something that was commemorative of his ancestors.[4] At the same time particularly amongst the traditionalists, he had to be cognizant of the proper protocols.[4] For example, in traditional times, the tohunga whakairo never blew the shavings of his work or the ancestors would curse the piece.[4] In other instances, if he allowed women or food near his work the mana (spiritual power) would be destroyed.[4]

In the contemporary period Māori carvers have struggled to maintain the same traditional protocol in a state that has become increasingly Westernised. As a result, today, many Māori have made an attempt to resurge traditional patterns and carvings within mainstream art through programs like the Māori Arts and Crafts Institute.[5] They have made it their mission to preserve traditional toi whakairo, and have opened various programs and classes to pass their traditions to younger generations.[5]

Styles

According to Sidney Mead’s The Art of Carving, there are three classical styles typically used in Māori carvings:[4]

Taranaki
  • Vigorous serpentine figures[6]
  • Pointed heads[6]
  • Rigged bodies[6]
  • Small mouths[6]

North Auckland
  • Simplicity[6]
  • Clean lines[6]
  • Round heads[6]
  • Use of unaunahi (half moon)[6]
  • Claw like fingers[6]

Hauraki
  • Emphasis on human figure[6]
  • Rigged body[6]
  • Use of many figures of differing sizes-largest in the centre[6]

The poupou at the Royal Ontario Museum

The poupou at the Royal Ontario Museum was made in the nineteenth century. It was built in the style of the Te Ati Awa people of the North Island of New Zealand. It has a dark brown complexion rather than the traditional black, white and red pigments.

It is currently being displayed in the Oceania exhibit on the third floor of the Royal Ontario Museum. It is housed amongst various other Polynesian, Micronesian, and Australian indigenous artifacts like tapa or siapo cloths and Polynesian weaponry.[7]

Notes
  1. Mead 1961, pp. 22–23.
  2. "Marae - Māori meeting grounds". Pure New Zealand.
  3. Mead 1961, p. 11.
  4. Mead 1961, pp. 11f.
  5. Metge 2004, p. 274.
  6. Mead 1961, p. 16.
  7. Royal Ontario Museum. "Shreyas and Mina Ajmera Gallery of Africa, the Americas and Asia-Pacific opens April 5, 2008". Royal Ontario Museum Website.
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References
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