Polypedilum vanderplanki

Polypedilum vanderplanki or the sleeping chironomid, is a dipteran in the family Chironomidae (non-biting midges). It occurs in the semi-arid regions of the African continent (e.g. northern Nigeria and Uganda). Its larvae are found in small tubular nests in the mud at the bottom of temporary pools that frequently dry out during the lifetime of P. vanderplanki larvae. Under these conditions, the larvae's body desiccates to as low as 3% water content by weight. In the dehydrated state the larvae become impervious to many extreme environmental conditions, and can survive temperatures from 3 K to up to 375 K, very high (7000 gray) levels of gamma-rays, and exposure to vacuum.[1][2] It is one of few metazoans that can withstand near complete desiccation (anhydrobiosis) in order to survive adverse environmental conditions. Slow desiccation (0.22 ml per day) enabled larvae to synthesize 38 μg trehalose/individual, and all of them recovered after rehydration, whereas larvae that were dehydrated 3 times faster accumulated only 6.8 μg trehalose/individual and none of them revived after rehydration.[3][4] Late Embryo Abundant (LEA), anti-oxidant, and heat-shock proteins may also be involved in survival.[5][6][7] This species is considered the most cold-tolerant insect species, able to survive liquid helium (−270 °C) exposure for up to 5 min. with a 100% survival rate when desiccated to 8% water content.[8]

Polypedilum vanderplanki
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Arthropoda
Class:
Insecta
Order:
Diptera
Family:
Chironomidae
Genus:
Polypedilum
Species:
P. vanderplanki
Binomial name
Polypedilum vanderplanki
Hinton, 1951

References
  1. Okuda, T.; Watanabe, M.; Sychev, V.; Novikova, N.; Gusev, O.; Saigusa, M. (Jul 2006). "Polypedilum vanderplanki: an anhydrobiotic insect as a potential tool for space biology". 36th COSPAR Scientific Assembly in Beijing. Bibcode:2006cosp...36.2237O.
  2. Hinton HE (1960). "A fly larva that tolerates dehydration and temperatures of -270°C to +102°C". Nature. 188 (4747): 336–337. Bibcode:1960Natur.188..336H. doi:10.1038/188336a0.
  3. Kikawada, Takahiro; et al. (2005). "Factors Inducing Successful Anhydrobiosis in the African Chironomid Polypedilum vanderplanki: Significance of the Larval Tubular Nest". Integrative and Comparative Biology. 45 (5): 710–714. doi:10.1093/icb/45.5.710.
  4. Sakurai, M; Furuki, T; Akao, K; Tanaka, D; Nakahara, Y; Kikawada, T; Watanabe, M; Okuda, T (2008). "Vitrification is essential for anhydrobiosis in an African chironomid, Polypedilum vanderplanki". PNAS. 105 (13): 5093–5098. Bibcode:2008PNAS..105.5093S. doi:10.1073/pnas.0706197105. PMC 2278217. PMID 18362351.
  5. "Sleeping Chironmid. Study of tolerance". Sleeping Chironomid Research Group, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Japan. 2011.
  6. Gusev, Oleg; et al. (2010). Zhou, Zhongjun (ed.). "Anhydrobiosis-Associated Nuclear DNA Damage and Repair in the Sleeping Chironomid: Linkage with Radioresistance". PLoS ONE. 5 (11): e14008. Bibcode:2010PLoSO...514008G. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0014008. PMC 2982815. PMID 21103355.
  7. Gusev, O; Cornette, R; Kikawada, T; Okuda, T (2011). "Expression of heat shock protein-coding genes associated with anhydrobiosis in an African chironomid Polypedilum vanderplanki". Cell Stress and Chaperones. 16 (1): 81–90. doi:10.1007/s12192-010-0223-9. PMC 3024092. PMID 20809134.
  8. Hall, Jason P.W. (1994). "Chapter 4: Most Tolerant of Cold". In Walker, Thomas J. (ed.). Book of Insect Records. University of Florida. OCLC 439076927.


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