Poincaré–Bendixson theorem

In mathematics, the Poincaré–Bendixson theorem is a statement about the long-term behaviour of orbits of continuous dynamical systems on the plane, cylinder, or two-sphere.[1]

Theorem

Given a differentiable real dynamical system defined on an open subset of the plane, every non-empty compact ω-limit set of an orbit, which contains only finitely many fixed points, is either[2]

a fixed point,
a periodic orbit, or
a connected set composed of a finite number of fixed points together with homoclinic and heteroclinic orbits connecting these.

Moreover, there is at most one orbit connecting different fixed points in the same direction. However, there could be countably many homoclinic orbits connecting one fixed point.

A weaker version of the theorem was originally conceived by Henri Poincaré (1892), although he lacked a complete proof which was later given by Ivar Bendixson (1901).

Discussion

The condition that the dynamical system be on the plane is necessary to the theorem. On a torus, for example, it is possible to have a recurrent non-periodic orbit.[3] In particular, chaotic behaviour can only arise in continuous dynamical systems whose phase space has three or more dimensions. However the theorem does not apply to discrete dynamical systems, where chaotic behaviour can arise in two- or even one-dimensional systems.

Applications

One important implication is that a two-dimensional continuous dynamical system cannot give rise to a strange attractor. If a strange attractor C did exist in such a system, then it could be enclosed in a closed and bounded subset of the phase space. By making this subset small enough, any nearby stationary points could be excluded. But then the Poincaré–Bendixson theorem says that C is not a strange attractor at all—it is either a limit cycle or it converges to a limit cycle.

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gollark: I think those just became uncool due to other factors of some kind; there are plenty of Christians etc.

gollark: Actually, "abounded" would probably mean "unbounded", "a" generally negates things.

gollark: America's central government is also much more powerful than the EU and it has more shared cultural institutions maybe.

gollark: IIRC the total population is less than Europe too.

References

Coddington, Earl A.; Levinson, Norman (1955). "The Poincaré–Bendixson Theory of Two-Dimensional Autonomous Systems". Theory of Ordinary Differential Equations. New York: McGraw-Hill. pp. 389–403. ISBN 978-0-89874-755-3.
Teschl, Gerald (2012). Ordinary Differential Equations and Dynamical Systems. Providence: American Mathematical Society. ISBN 978-0-8218-8328-0.
D'Heedene, R.N. (1961). "A third order autonomous differential equation with almost periodic solutions". Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications. Elsevier. 3 (2): 344–350. doi:10.1016/0022-247X(61)90059-2.

Bendixson, Ivar (1901), "Sur les courbes définies par des équations différentielles" (PDF), Acta Mathematica, Springer Netherlands, 24 (1): 1–88, doi:10.1007/BF02403068
Poincaré, Henri (1892), "Sur les courbes définies par une équation différentielle", Oeuvres, 1, Paris

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[1] Coddington, Earl A.; Levinson, Norman (1955). "The Poincaré–Bendixson Theory of Two-Dimensional Autonomous Systems". Theory of Ordinary Differential Equations. New York: McGraw-Hill. pp. 389–403. ISBN 978-0-89874-755-3.

[2] Teschl, Gerald (2012). Ordinary Differential Equations and Dynamical Systems. Providence: American Mathematical Society. ISBN 978-0-8218-8328-0.

[dheedene-3] D'Heedene, R.N. (1961). "A third order autonomous differential equation with almost periodic solutions". Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications. Elsevier. 3 (2): 344–350. doi:10.1016/0022-247X(61)90059-2.