Val d'Aran

Aran (Occitan: [aˈɾan]; Catalan: [əˈɾan]; Spanish: [aˈɾan]) (previously officially called in Occitan Val d'Aran, Catalan: Vall d'Aran, Spanish: Valle de Arán) is an administrative entity (formerly considered a comarca) in Catalonia, Spain, consisting of the Aran Valley, 620.47 square kilometres (239.56 sq mi) in area, in the Pyrenees mountains, in the northwestern part of the province of Lleida.

Aran
Unique territorial entity
Flag Coat of arms
Anthem: Montanhes araneses  (Occitan) "Aranese mountains"
Location of Aran in Catalonia
Country	Spain
Autonomous community	Catalonia
Province	Lleida
Capital	Vielha e Mijaran
Municipalities	List Arres, Bausen, Bossòst, Es Bòrdes, Canejan, Les, Naut Aran, Vielha e Mijaran, Vilamòs
Government
• Body	Conselh Generau d'Aran
• Síndic	Carlos Barrera (CDA)
Area
• Total	633.5 km^2 (244.6 sq mi)
Population  (2014)
• Total	9,993
• Density	16/km^2 (41/sq mi)
Demonym(s)	English: Aranese Occitan: aranés (m), aranesa (f)
Time zone	UTC+1 (CET)
• Summer (DST)	UTC+2 (CEST)
Largest municipality	Vielha e Mijaran
Official languages	Aranese (Occitan), Catalan, Spanish
Website	Conselh Generau d'Aran

This valley constitutes one of only two areas of contiguous Spain[1] (and the only contiguous part of current Catalonia) that are located on the northern side of the Pyrenees. Hence, this valley holds the only Catalan rivers to flow into the Atlantic Ocean (for the same reason, the region is characterized by an Atlantic climate, instead of a Mediterranean one). The Garonne river flows through Aran from its source on the Pla de Beret (Beret Flat) near the Port de la Bonaigua. It is joined by the Joèu river (from the slopes of Aneto mountain) which passes underground at the Forau de Aigualluts. It then reappears in the Val dera Artiga de Lin before reaching the Aran valley, then through France and eventually to the Atlantic Ocean. The Noguera Pallaresa river, whose source is only a hundred meters from that of the Garonne, flows the opposite way towards the Mediterranean.

Aran borders France on the north, the Spanish Autonomous Community of Aragon to the west and the Catalan comarques of Alta Ribagorça to the south and Pallars Sobirà to the east. The capital of the comarca is Vielha, with 5,474 inhabitants (2014). The entire population of the valley is about 9,991 (2014). As of 2001, a plurality of people in Aran spoke Spanish (38.78%) as their native language, followed by Aranese (34.19%), then Catalan (19.45%) with 7.56% having a different native language.[2] While Aranese is the mother tongue of 62.87% of people born in the region, it is less frequent among residents born outside the valley.[3]

History

In 1313, James II of Aragon granted administrative and political autonomy to the Aran Valley, the legal details of which are described in a Latin manuscript called the Querimonia. The devolution of power was a reward for the Aranese pledging allegiance to James II in a dispute with the kingdoms of France and Mallorca over control of the valley.[4] This situation was suppressed in 1834, when the Valley was integrated into the new Province of Lleida, in the context of creation of the liberal state.

On 19 October 1944, Spanish Communist Party guerrillas invaded the valley in an attempt to bring about the fall of the Spanish dictatorship. They took control of several villages until October 27, 1944, but were forced to retreat back into France after Franco sent reinforcements to defend Vielha.[5]

Before the construction of the Vielha tunnel, opened in 1948, the Aran valley had no direct communication with the south side of the mountains during winter.

In 1990 the autonomy of Aran was restored by the Parliament of Catalonia, as well the establishment of the Occitan as official language. In 2015 the powers of Aranese institutions were increased.

Name and local language

Vielha and the other Occitan main cities, in Occitan

Aranese is the standardized form of the local Gascon variety of the Occitan language. Aranese has been regularly taught at school since 1984. Like several other minority languages in Europe that recently faced decline, Aranese is experiencing a renaissance.

The name Aran comes from Basque haran, meaning valley. Maps and road signs in Spain use the name "era Val d'Aran" to refer to the valley, where era is the Aranese singular feminine article. The same practice goes for all towns and other locations in Aran, for example, the Aranese spelling Vielha is used instead of Catalan and Spanish Viella to refer to the capital of Aran.

Basque toponyms reveal that Basque was spoken further east along the Pyrenees than today. The growing influence of Latin began to drive Basque out after the turn of the first millennium.

Government and economy

Administratively, Aran is a "unique territorial entity" roughly equivalent to a comarca with additional powers, and informally referred to as a comarca. This status was most recently formalised in February 2015.[6] The area is divided into six administrative divisions called terçons (oc) (meaning "thirds", as there were formerly three divisions). The current arrangement of the divisions dates from the 15th century. Since 1991, Aran has an autonomous government called the Conselh Generau (Occitan: General Council).

The major political parties are the Unity of Aran - Aranese Nationalist Party (the local chapter of the Socialists' Party of Catalonia), the Aranese Democratic Convergence (the local chapter of the (Democratic Convergence of Catalonia). The Occitan Republican Left party was founded in 2008.

The main economic activity in the valley is tourism; from the ski resorts in the winter and from other tourist activity in the summer. Other primary sectors of the economy include forest products, cattle ranching and agriculture, all of which have become progressively less important since the opening of ski resorts.

Municipalities

Garonne in Val d'Aran near 1840 by Eugène de Malbos.

Municipality	Population (2014)[7]	Area km^2[7]
Arres	73	11.6
Bausen	49	17.7
Es Bòrdes	234	21.4
Bossòst	1,140	28.2
Canejan	102	48.3
Les	968	23.4
Naut Aran	1,782	255.8
Vielha e Mijaran	5,474	211.7
Vilamòs	171	15.4
• Total: 9	9,993	633.5

Fauna

Panorama of part of Aran, with Bossòst to the left

Many native animals of Aran are in danger of extinction. There are programs to reintroduce and/or protect:

• Brown bear (Ursus arctos)
• Rock ptarmigan (Lagopus mutus)
• Aran rock lizard (Lacerta aranica)
• Bearded vulture (Gypaetus barbatus)

References

1. The other contiguous area is Luzaide/Valcarlos, in Navarre, also located on the northern side of the Pyrenees.
2. "Cens lingüístic de l'aranès de 2001" (PDF). Retrieved 2012-08-06.
3. Cens lingüístic de l'aranès de 2001 (section 10: Llengua materna de la població de la Val d'Aran. Distribució per lloc de naixement. 2001) (in Catalan)
4. Turell, ed. by M. Teresa (2001). Multilingualism in Spain : sociolinguistic and psycholinguistic aspects of linguistic minority groups ([Online-Ausg.]. ed.). Clevedon [u.a.]: Multilingual Matters. p. 142. ISBN 9781853594915. Retrieved 19 August 2015.CS1 maint: extra text: authors list (link)
5. Rodríguez Marcos, Javier. "El valle de la libertad". elpais.com (in Spanish). El Pais. Retrieved 18 August 2015.
6. "LLEI 1/2015, del 5 de febrer, del règim especial d'Aran" (PDF) (in Catalan). Generalitat of Catalonia. 2015-02-13. Retrieved 2015-11-19.
7. "El municipi en xifres". Institut d'Estadística de Catalunya. Retrieved 2015-05-25.

External links

• Page of the Conselh Generau d'Aran (in Occitan)
• Information from the Generalitat de Catalunya (in Catalan)
• Touristic information about the Val d'Aran (in Occitan)
• Smith, Dominic. "Language planning in the Val d’Aran: The recent work of the Conselh Generau d’Aran’s ‘Oficina de Foment e Ensenhament der Aranés’ and its effects on the Aranés-speaking population." (PDF). 2003.