Piramalai Kallar

Piramalai Kallars is a sub-caste of the Kallars and thus are part of the Mukkulathor community that also includes the Maravar and Agamudayar castes.

History

Copper plate inscriptions dated 1645, 1652, 1655 and 1656 are the most important artefacts about the Piramalai Kallars. According to these, during the period of Thirumalai Nayak, members of the community were appointed as guards ("kavalkarars") of villages.The Piramalai Kallar group responsible for a village had to compensate for any theft in that village.[1]

Piramalai Kallar local chieftains, such as Tirumal Pinna Thevar, also performed judicial duties by organising panchayats. This is described in the 1655 inscription.[1][2]

With a separate system of judiciary and policing, they refused to accede to British rule. In 1767, around 5000 Kallars were killed by British forces near Melur in a single day when they refused to pay tax.[3]

With the introduction of British rule and the fall of the Nayak dynasty, the Piramalai Kallars began to lose their work as guards. They participated in the South Indian Rebellion of 1800-1801 that resulted in Madurai and the adjoining regions coming under the British rule. When the rebellious Kallars refused to pay tax, the British abolished the kavalkarar system.[4]

Piramalai Kallars were reduced to poverty, reliant on land farming. , while continuing to oppose the British.[5] They became classified as a criminal tribe under the Criminal Tribes Act (CTA).[6][lower-alpha 1]

On 3 April 1920 a group of Piramalai Kallars at Perungamanallur village battled against the British in protest against the CTA. A memorial pillar at the village names 16 inhabitants who were shot dead during the incident.[8] The Act, which had originally been introduced in 1871 and then amended in 1911, was repealed in 1948.[9]

References

Notes

1. Although the Criminal Tribes Act was introduced in 1871, its provisions were not generally applied in South India until the amended Act of 1911.[7]

Citations

1. Louis Dumont; A. Stern; Michael Moffatt (1986). A South Indian subcaste: social organization and religion of the Pramalai Kallar. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 21 March 2012.
2. "Copper plate dating back to 1655 CE found". The Hindu. 27 April 2014. Retrieved 7 October 2016.
3. "Taking the road less travelled". The Hindu. 24 October 2013. Retrieved 7 October 2016.
4. K. Gowri, Madurai under the English East India Company (1801 – 1857),Raj Publishers, Madurai, 1987, p.9.
5. David Arnold ‘Dacoity and Rural Crime in Madras’, The Journal of Peasant Studies, Vol.6, No.2, January 1979, p.158
6. "The grim story behind a small settlement". The Hindu. 30 April 2013. Retrieved 7 October 2016.
7. Joseph, George Gheverghese (2003). George Joseph, the Life and Times of a Kerala Christian Nationalist. Orient Blackswan. p. 70. ISBN 978-8-12502-495-8.
8. "Namma Madurai - Massacre in a village". The Hindu. 3 August 2011. Retrieved 7 October 2016.
9. "Colonial Act still haunts denotified tribes: expert". The Hindu. 27 March 2008. Retrieved 7 October 2016.

Further reading

• Wells, Spencer. Deep Ancestry: The Landmark DNA Quest to Decipher Our Distant Past.