Piggly Wiggly

Piggly Wiggly is an American supermarket chain operating in the Southern and Midwestern regions of the United States, run by Piggly Wiggly, LLC, an affiliate of C&S Wholesale Grocers.[1] Its first outlet opened in 1916 in Memphis, Tennessee, and is notable for having been the first true self-service grocery store, and the originator of various familiar supermarket features such as checkout stands, individual item price marking and shopping carts. The current company headquarters is in Keene, New Hampshire.[2] More than 600 independently owned Piggly Wiggly stores operate in 17 states, primarily in smaller cities and towns.

Piggly Wiggly operations in the U.S. as of 2018
Piggly Wiggly
  1–10 locations
  10–50 locations
  50–100 locations
  100+ locations
Piggly Wiggly Midwest
  1–10 locations
  50–100 locations

Piggly Wiggly
Private
IndustrySupermarket chain
FoundedSeptember 6, 1916 in Memphis, Tennessee
FounderClarence Saunders
HeadquartersKeene, New Hampshire, U.S.
Area served
Midwestern/Southern U.S./* See also */
ParentC&S Wholesale Grocers
Websitewww.pigglywiggly.com
Not to be confused with Mrs. Piggle-Wiggle.

History
Historical marker near the site of the first Piggly Wiggly store in Memphis, Tennessee

Piggly Wiggly was the first self-service grocery store.[3] It was founded on September 6, 1916[4] (although it did not open until five days later due to delays in construction),[5] at 79 Jefferson Avenue in Memphis, Tennessee, by Clarence Saunders.[2] A replica of the original store has been constructed in the Memphis Pink Palace Museum and Planetarium, a mansion that Saunders built as his private residence, which was later sold to the city.

At the time of its founding, grocery stores did not allow their customers to gather their own goods. Instead, a customer would give a list of items to a clerk, who would then go through the store, gathering them. This created a greater cost, and therefore higher prices. Piggly Wiggly introduced the innovation of allowing customers to go through the store, gathering their own goods, thus cutting costs and lowering prices.[2] Losses due to easier shoplifting were more than offset by profits from increased impulse purchasing. Others were initially experimenting with this format as well, which initially came to be known as a "groceteria", reminding people of cafeterias, another relatively new, self-service idea.[6]

Piggly Wiggly Corporation secured the self-service format and issued franchises to hundreds of grocery retailers for the operation of its stores. The concept of the "self-serving store" was patented[7] by Saunders in 1917. Customers at Piggly Wiggly entered the store through a turnstile and walked through four aisles to view the store’s 605 items sold in packages and organized into departments. The customers selected merchandise as they continued through the maze to the cashier. Instantly, packaging and brand recognition became important to companies and consumers.[5]

The original Piggly Wiggly Store, Memphis, Tennessee

Piggly Wiggly was the first to:

The success of Piggly Wiggly was phenomenal, so much so that other independent and chain grocery stores changed to self-service in the 1920s and 1930s. At its peak in 1932 (see Clarence Saunders), the company operated 2,660 stores and posted annual sales in excess of $180 million. In November 1922, Saunders attempted a squeeze on the substantial short interest in the stock, running the share price up from 40 to 120 and profiting by millions on paper. The Stock Exchange Governors responded by deciding that a corner had been established in Piggly Wiggly and removed the stock from the Board, eventually forcing Saunders to turn over his assets to the banks that had financed his leveraged position. Saunders reputedly lost nine million dollars in the attempted corner.[10]

Following these events, the company was divided into strategic units and sold to regional grocery chains, including Kroger, Safeway, National Tea, and Colonial.[11] In 1935, all 179 Canadian Piggly Wiggly were also sold to Canada Safeway, which merged with Sobeys in 2013.[12]

After losing control of Piggly Wiggly, Saunders had no further association with the company, although he remained interested in the concept of automated shopping, with which he experimented initially with the Keedoozle store until his death in 1953.[2]

According to John Brooks, Piggly Wiggly's "greatly changed corporate structure...flourished into the 1960s," and hundreds of stores "operated under a franchise agreement with the Piggly Wiggly Corporation, of Jacksonville, Florida.[13]

Name

According to the Piggly Wiggly Web site, Saunders was "reluctant" to explain the origin of the company's name. There are two theories: One story says that, while riding a train, he looked out his window and saw several little pigs struggling to get under a fence, which prompted him to think of the rhyme. Someone once asked him why he had chosen such an unusual name for his organization, to which he replied, "So people will ask that very question."[2]

Present company

Piggly Wiggly was acquired by the wholesale grocer Malone & Hyde in 1982.[14] Malone & Hyde was acquired by Fleming Companies in 1988.[15] Fleming filed for bankruptcy in 2003, and C&S Wholesale Grocers acquired most of the business, including Piggly Wiggly.[16][17]

A Piggly Wiggly store in Springhill, Louisiana, in August 2011

There are presently more than 600 independently owned and operated stores in 17 states. The company headquarters are located in Keene, New Hampshire.[2] Some of the stores have formed a retailers' cooperative to manage distribution, while using the Piggly Wiggly name (e.g., Piggly Wiggly Midwest and Piggly Wiggly Alabama Distributing Company). Piggly Wiggly stores are found predominantly in medium to smaller size cities, and remain a fixture in many rural communities. In many of the larger cities and more metropolitan areas within the company's territory (especially in the faster-growing regions), competitive national grocery chains have built larger supermarkets with greater variety and selection than Piggly Wiggly, targeting a more upscale clientele. In response, Piggly Wiggly was one of the first to develop a loyalty card discount membership program similar to many other national merchants.

gollark: This is actually quite impressive-looking, though. If only public health entities had this sort of thing, but correct.
gollark: You can make nicely designed websites for *anything*.
gollark: * it
gollark: A win would be both being low due to actual control of IG.
gollark: It's very, very contagious and maybe milder.

See also

References
  1. Fleischauer, Eric (November 3, 2009). "2 Decatur Piggly Wigglys to become Food World stores". Decatur Daily. Archived from the original on July 29, 2012.
  2. Piggly Wiggly: About Us
  3. "The Bizarre Story of Piggly Wiggly, the First Self-Service Grocery Store". Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved September 4, 2018.
  4. Clark, Kristen (March 28, 2018). "Piggly Wiggly Independent Store Owners Enter into Agreement with Southeastern Grocers to Purchase Six Stores" (Press release). C&S Wholesale Grocers, Inc. Retrieved September 6, 2018.
  5. Ross, Ashley (November 9, 2016). "The Surprising Way a Supermarket Changed the World". Time. Retrieved September 4, 2018.
  6. A Quick History of the Supermarket
  7. US patent 1242872, C. Saunders, "Self-serving store", issued 1917-10-09
  8. "Modern Marvels: The Supermarket". History Channel, first broadcast November 15, 2006.
  9. "Shopping Carts Will Track Consumers' Every Move". blogs.hbr.org. Retrieved September 3, 2015.
  10. "Business & Finance: Piggly Wiggly Man". Time. February 25, 1929. Retrieved May 22, 2010.
  11. Lebhar, Godfrey M. (1959) Chain Stores in America 1859–1959, Colonial Press: 31.
  12. Chain Store Age. 12. Chain Store Publishing Corporation. 1936. p. 9.
  13. Brooks, John (2014). Business Adventures. New York: Open Road Integrated Media, Inc. p. 280. ISBN 9781497644892.
  14. "Piggly Wiggly Corp., a national grocery chain founded in..." UPI. Retrieved September 20, 2018.
  15. Reuters (June 2, 1988). "COMPANY NEWS; Fleming to Buy Malone & Hyde". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved September 20, 2018.
  16. Hamstra, Mark (2003). "C&S Only Bidder for Fleming Assets, Some Resale Expected". Supermarket News.
  17. Zwiebach, Elliot (2003). "Wholesaler Exchange Boosts Both Operations". Supermarket News.

Further reading
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