Phytoglobin-NO cycle

The phytoglobin-nitric oxide cycle is a metabolic pathway induced in plants under hypoxic conditions which involves nitric oxide (NO) and phytoglobin (Pgb).[1] It provides an alternative type of respiration to mitochondrial electron transport under the conditions of limited oxygen supply.[2] Phytoglobin in hypoxic plants acts as part of a soluble terminal nitric oxide dioxygenase system, yielding nitrate ion from the reaction of oxygenated phytoglobin with NO. Class 1 phytoglobins are induced in plants under hypoxia, bind oxygen very tightly at nanomolar concentrations, and can effectively scavenge NO at oxygen levels far below the saturation of cytochrome c oxidase. In the course of the reaction, phytoglobin is oxidized to metphytoglobin which has to be reduced for continuous operation of the cycle.[3][4] Nitrate is reduced to nitrite by nitrate reductase, while NO is mainly formed due to anaerobic reduction of nitrite which may take place in mitochondria by complex III and complex IV in the absence of oxygen, in the side reaction of nitrate reductase,[5] or by electron transport proteins on the plasma membrane.[6] The overall reaction sequence of the cycle consumes NADH and can contribute to the maintenance of ATP level in highly hypoxic conditions.[7]

References
  1. Igamberdiev AU, Baron K, Manac'h-Little N, Stoimenova M, Hill RD (September 2005). "The haemoglobin/nitric oxide cycle: involvement in flooding stress and effects on hormone signalling". Annals of Botany. 96 (4): 557–64. doi:10.1093/aob/mci210. PMC 4247025. PMID 16027133.
  2. Gupta KJ, Igamberdiev AU (July 2011). "The anoxic plant mitochondrion as a nitrite: NO reductase". Mitochondrion. 11 (4): 537–43. doi:10.1016/j.mito.2011.03.005. PMID 21406251.
  3. Igamberdiev AU, Bykova NV, Hill RD (April 2006). "Nitric oxide scavenging by barley hemoglobin is facilitated by a monodehydroascorbate reductase-mediated ascorbate reduction of methemoglobin". Planta. 223 (5): 1033–40. doi:10.1007/s00425-005-0146-3. PMID 16341544.
  4. Jokipii-Lukkari S, Kastaniotis AJ, Parkash V, Sundström R, Leiva-Eriksson N, Nymalm Y, Blokhina O, Kukkola E, Fagerstedt KV, Salminen TA, Läärä E, Bülow L, Ohlmeier S, Hiltunen JK, Kallio PT, Häggman H (June 2016). "Dual targeted poplar ferredoxin NADP(+) oxidoreductase interacts with hemoglobin 1". Plant Science. 247: 138–49. doi:10.1016/j.plantsci.2016.03.013. PMID 27095407.
  5. Yamasaki H, Sakihama Y (February 2000). "Simultaneous production of nitric oxide and peroxynitrite by plant nitrate reductase: in vitro evidence for the NR-dependent formation of active nitrogen species". FEBS Letters. 468 (1): 89–92. doi:10.1016/S0014-5793(00)01203-5. PMID 10683447.
  6. Stöhr C, Strube F, Marx G, Ullrich WR, Rockel P (April 2001). "A plasma membrane-bound enzyme of tobacco roots catalyses the formation of nitric oxide from nitrite". Planta. 212 (5–6): 835–41. doi:10.1007/s004250000447. PMID 11346959.
  7. Stoimenova M, Igamberdiev AU, Gupta KJ, Hill RD (July 2007). "Nitrite-driven anaerobic ATP synthesis in barley and rice root mitochondria". Planta. 226 (2): 465–74. doi:10.1007/s00425-007-0496-0. PMID 17333252.
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