Phaeosphaeria nodorum
Phaeosphaeria nodorum (synonym and correct taxonomic name: Parastagonospora nodorum) is a major fungal pathogen of wheat (Triticum aestivum), causing the disease Septoria nodorum blotch, and a member of the Dothideomycetes, a large fungal taxon that includes many important plant pathogens affecting all major crop plant families.
| Phaeosphaeria nodorum (Parastagonospora nodorum) | |
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| Necrosis on wheat caused by Parastagonospora nodorum (syn. Stagonospora nodorum / Phaeosphaeria nodorum) | |
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| Species: | P. nodorum |
| Binomial name | |
| Phaeosphaeria nodorum (E. Müll.) Hedjar., (1969) | |
| Synonyms | |
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Depazea nodorum Berk., (1845) | |
The Dothideomycetes are a newly recognised major class of filamentous fungi that replaces the long-recognized Loculoascomycetes. It includes the causal organisms of many economically important plant diseases.
Disease cycle
The infection occurs in repeated cycles of both asexual and sexual infection throughout the growing season. New rounds of infection are initiated by rain-splash or wind dispersal of spores. Infection begins when spores land on leaf tissue. The spores rapidly germinate to produce long, branching threadlike structures, called hyphae. The hyphae invade the leaf, using specialised branches to gain entry to the outermost layer of cells on the leaves. They can also grow directly through pores in the leaves. The hyphae rapidly colonize the leaves and begin to produce asexual fruiting bodies.
Model organism
Parastagonospora nodorum is an experimentally tractable organism, which is easily handled in defined media. It was one of the first fungal pathogens to be genetically manipulated. Parastagonospora nodorum has been a model for fungicide development and emerged as a model for dothideomycete pathology.
Genomic resources
Parastagonospora nodorum has been sequenced and annotated[1] by the Broad Institute.
Taxonomy
In 2013, Quaedvlieg et al. introduced a new combination for this species: Parastagonospora nodorum (Berk.) Quaedvlieg, Verkley & Crous. In the article named "Sizing up Septoria" they showed that the type of the fungal genus Stagonospora (Stagonospora paludosa) actually clustered inside the Massarinaceae and not in the Phaeosphaeriaceae as was previously assumed. They also showed that the type of the genus Phaeosphaeria (P. oryzae) does not cluster near Stagonospora nodorum. This means that both the Phaeosphaeria and Stagonospora names for this species are wrong. This caused that the Phaeosphaeriaceae located genus previously known as Stagonospora, incorporating several important pathogens on grasses (e.g. Stagonospora nodorum and S. avenae), was subsequently renamed into "Parastagonospora" with Parastagonospora nodorum being the type of this genus.[2]
References
- HANE JK, LOWE, RGT, SOLOMON, PS, TAN K-C, SCHOCH, CL, SPATAFORA, JWB, CROUS, PC, KODIRA, C, BIRREN, BW, GALAGAN, JE, TORRIANI, SFF, MCDONALD, BA & OLIVER (2007). Dothideomycete-plant interactions illuminated by genome sequencing and EST analysis of the wheat pathogen Stagonospora nodorum. Plant Cell 19:3347-3368.
- Quaedvlieg, W.; G.J.M. Verkley; H.-D. Shin; R.W. Barreto; A.C. Alfenas; W.J. Swart; J.Z. Groenewald; P.W. Crous (2013). "Sizing up Septoria" (PDF). Studies in Mycology. 75: 307–390. doi:10.3114/sim0017. PMC 3713890. PMID 24014902.