Peter Masak

Peter C. Masak (August 17, 1957 – May 22, 2004) was an engineer, inventor, and glider pilot. He graduated with a Bachelor of Applied Science degree in Mechanical Engineering in May 1981 from the University of Waterloo, Ontario Canada. He earned his glider pilot license at the age of 16 and his power pilot license at the age of 18, the minimum ages for both. Peter was a Canadian soaring record holder and represented Canada and later the United States in the World Gliding Championships.[1] He logged almost 2000 hours of glider flight time. He was living in West Chester, Pennsylvania with his wife Adrienne and their three children when he died.[2]

Peter C. Masak
Peter Masak ridge soaring his Masak Scimitar glider on Bald Eagle Mountain near Lock Haven, Pennsylvania
Born(1957-08-17)August 17, 1957
Canada
DiedMay 22, 2004(2004-05-22) (aged 46)
Alexandria, Pennsylvania
NationalityCanada, United States
Alma materUniversity of Waterloo
Known forGlider Winglets
AwardsU.S. 15 Meter national gliding champion (1993)
Soaring Society of America Exceptional Achievement Award (1995)
Design News magazine Unique Airplane design contest winner (1995)
Scientific career
FieldsMechanical Engineering and Aerodynamics

Winglets

In 1987, Peter Masak, worked together with Mark D. Maughmer, an associate professor of aerospace engineering at the Pennsylvania State University, to design winglets for his racing sailplane to improve performance. Others had attempted to apply Richard T. Whitcomb's NASA winglets to gliders before, and they did improve climb performance, but this did not offset the parasite drag penalty in high speed cruise. Masak was convinced it was possible to overcome this hurdle.[3]

Schempp-Hirth Ventus 2a glider with factory winglets based on Masak's designs

By trial and error, they developed successful winglet designs for gliding competitions. At the 1991 World Gliding Championships in Uvalde, Texas, the trophy for the highest speed went to a glider with Masak's winglets.[4] Masak went on to win the 1993 U.S. 15 Meter Nationals gliding competition using winglets on his prototype Scimitar sailplane.[5]

The Masak winglets were originally retrofit to production sailplanes, but within 10 years of their introduction, most high-performance gliders were equipped from the factory with winglets.[6] It took over a decade for winglets to first appear on a production airliner, the original application that was the focus of the NASA development in the 1970s. Yet, once the advantages of winglets were proven in competition, adoption was swift with gliders. The point difference between the winner and the runner-up in soaring competition is often less than one percent, so even a small improvement in efficiency is a large competitive advantage.

Many non-competition pilots installed Masak's winglets for the handling benefits as well. The benefits are notable, because sailplane winglets must be removable to allow the glider to be stored in a trailer, so they are usually installed only at the pilots' preference. Today, following on the work of Masak and Maughmer, new glider wings are designed concurrently with the winglet, achieving higher efficiency than retrofitted winglets, with drag less than the theoretical minimum for a fully elliptical wing of the same span.[7]

Scimitar sailplane
Main article: Masak Scimitar

Peter Masak was the designer and builder of the Scimitar sailplane prototype, based on the Schempp-Hirth Ventus. It employed many of his design modifications, including a completely new wing and tailplane. The composite wing used a flexible S-glass torsion box spar, with stiff kevlar skins. "We get superior twist characteristics as a function of speed," Masak claimed. And the soft bending "reduces the local angle of attack during gusts to better keep the airfoil in the laminar-flow range." The wing chord was optimized continuously along the entire span, dispensing with typical straight-tapered sections. It won the Design News magazine Unique Airplane design contest in 1995.[8]

The Scimitar featured an acoustic boundary layer flow control system to prevent laminar boundary layer flow separation, using a smaller, more highly cambered airfoil with a greater lift coefficient. "It's always good to have laminar flow," says Masak, "but you'd rather have turbulent attached flow than laminar separation."[9]

He flew a later version of this glider, with factory built Ventus 2 wings, in the 2004 U.S. 15 Meter Nationals gliding competition being held at Mifflin County Airport, the same contest he won 11 years earlier. While flying a competition task, he crashed in a syncline fold in the Tussey Mountain ridge, a few miles south of the village of Alexandria, Pennsylvania at 40°29.94′N 78°08.49′W. He was attempting to cross the ridge line upwind, and encountered sinking air and turbulence in the lee of the mountain crest, resulting in an inadvertent stall/spin.[10] The crash was not survivable, and he was killed on impact.[11]

In his glider, he installed an Emergency Locator Transmitter (ELT), although it was not required. The wreckage was found in less than 24 hours, even though it was in steep terrain in a remote forested water-shed area, not visible from the air. As a result of this accident, and the subsequent search and rescue, ELT's are now required in many gliding competitions.[12]

Soaring accomplishments

Publications

In 1991, he produced a booklet titled Performance Enhancement of Modern Sailplanes[14] which described not just the theory, but the art of performance modifications, including winglets. In it, he credited Dick Johnson, Wil Schuemann, George B. Moffat, Jr. and Richard Schreder for their pioneering work that inspired him.

Patents

Peter Masak was a prolific inventor, and he appears as inventor on 17 U.S. Patents, mostly in the area of mechanical engineering applied in the petroleum industry.

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References
  1. "University of Waterloo Peter C. Masak Memorial Scholarship (Dec. 2005)". Retrieved 2007-01-04.
  2. "Soaring Society of America". Retrieved 2017-03-17. Peter C. Masak, 46, of West Chester, died Saturday, May 22, 2004 as the result of a glider accident. He was the husband of Adrienne D. Butt Masak with whom he shared 11 years of marriage.
  3. Chan, Curtis. "The tip of the iceberg". Archived from the original on 2004-06-11. Retrieved 2007-01-03.
  4. Masak, Peter (Apr–May 1992). "Winglet Design for Sailplanes" (PDF). free flight. 1992 (2): 8. ISSN 0827-2557. Retrieved 2006-01-07.
  5. "Mifflin Soaring Contest: Past Contest Results". Retrieved 2007-01-05.
  6. Maughmer, Mark D. "About Winglets" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-09-19. Retrieved 2007-01-09.
  7. "Antares Aerodynamics". Archived from the original on 2012-02-06. Retrieved 2007-01-16. The winglets also allow a further reduction of the induced drag by 5%. As a result, the induced drag of the 20 m Antares wing reaches only 95% of the value of a fully elliptical wing with the same wingspan.
  8. "Aircraft-design winner sails into world championships". 1996-06-26. Archived from the original on 2006-10-23. Retrieved 2007-01-04.
  9. "Going with the flow". 1996-09-09. Archived from the original on 2007-02-24. Retrieved 2007-01-16.
  10. "NTSB Factual Report IAD04LA022". Retrieved 2007-01-04.
  11. McMullin, Polly. "Glider pilot found dead in wreckage near Alexandria". Archived from the original on September 28, 2007. Retrieved 2007-01-05.
  12. "Mandatory ELT - Frequently Asked Questions". Retrieved 2007-01-04.
  13. "FAI 1000 Kilometre Gliding Flight Register". Archived from the original on 2006-08-30. Retrieved 2007-01-04.
  14. Peter C. Masak (1992). Performance Enhancement of Modern Sailplanes. Soaring Society of America.
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