Peroxide-based bleach

A peroxide-based bleach or simply peroxide bleach is any bleach product that is based on the peroxide chemical group, namely two oxygen atoms connected by a single bond, (–O–O–). This bond is fairly weak and is often broken in chemical reactions of peroxides, giving rise to very reactive oxygen species, which are the active agents of the bleach.

Peroxide-based bleaches became common household products in the late 20th century, being the base of many laundry detergent formulations. Most of these products are adducts of hydrogen peroxide (H
2O
2 or HOOH), that is, solids that contain H
2O
2 trapped in a crystal structure together with another material like sodium carbonate or urea. An exception is sodium perborate, which has a cyclic structure containing two O-O single bonds.

Peroxide bleaches considered to be eco-friendly cleaning agents, compared to chlorine-based bleaches that might produce chlorinated organic compounds.

Chemistry

All peroxide-based bleaches release hydrogen peroxide when dissolved in water. Peroxide bleaches are often used along with bleach activators, such as tetraacetylethylenediamine (TAED) or sodium nonanoyloxybenzenesulfonate (NOBS).

Products

The main products in this class are

  • Hydrogen peroxide itself (H
    2    O
    2    ). It is used, for example, to bleach wood pulp and hair or to prepare other bleaching agents like the perborates, percarbonates, peracids, etc.
  • Sodium percarbonate (Na
    2    H
    3    CO
    6    ), an adduct of hydrogen peroxide and sodium carbonate ("soda ash" or "washing soda", Na
    2    CO
    3    ). Dissolved in water, it yields a solution of the two products, that combines the degreasing action of the carbonate with the bleaching action of the peroxide.
  • Sodium perborate (Na
    2    H
    4    B
    2    O
    8    ). Dissolved in water it forms some hydrogen peroxide, but also the perborate anion (B(OOH)(OH)−
    3    )which is activated for nucleophilic oxidation.[1]
gollark: Oops, sorry, code error, it's (x - 2) * -1 / 1.8144e+5 * (x - 3) * (x - 4) * (x - 5) * (x - 6) * (x - 7) * (x - 8) * (x - 9) * (x - 10) + (x - 1) / 13440 * (x - 3) * (x - 4) * (x - 5) * (x - 6) * (x - 7) * (x - 8) * (x - 9) * (x - 10) + (x - 1) * -1 / 2016 * (x - 2) * (x - 4) * (x - 5) * (x - 6) * (x - 7) * (x - 8) * (x - 9) * (x - 10) + (x - 1) * 7 / 4320 * (x - 2) * (x - 3) * (x - 5) * (x - 6) * (x - 7) * (x - 8) * (x - 9) * (x - 10) + (x - 1) * -11 / 2880 * (x - 2) * (x - 3) * (x - 4) * (x - 6) * (x - 7) * (x - 8) * (x - 9) * (x - 10) + (x - 1) * 13 / 2880 * (x - 2) * (x - 3) * (x - 4) * (x - 5) * (x - 7) * (x - 8) * (x - 9) * (x - 10) + (x - 1) * -17 / 4320 * (x - 2) * (x - 3) * (x - 4) * (x - 5) * (x - 6) * (x - 8) * (x - 9) * (x - 10) + (x - 1) * 19 / 10080 * (x - 2) * (x - 3) * (x - 4) * (x - 5) * (x - 6) * (x - 7) * (x - 9) * (x - 10) + (x - 1) * -23 / 40320 * (x - 2) * (x - 3) * (x - 4) * (x - 5) * (x - 6) * (x - 7) * (x - 8) * (x - 10) + (x - 1) * 29 / 3.6288e+5 * (x - 2) * (x - 3) * (x - 4) * (x - 5) * (x - 6) * (x - 7) * (x - 8) * (x - 9).
gollark: This is such an elegant, clear and useful™ formula.
gollark: y = (x - 3) * -1 / 2.14708725e+8 * (x - 5) * (x - 7) * (x - 11) * (x - 13) * (x - 17) * (x - 19) * (x - 23) * (x - 29) + (x - 2) / 3.72736e+7 * (x - 5) * (x - 7) * (x - 11) * (x - 13) * (x - 17) * (x - 19) * (x - 23) * (x - 29) + (x - 2) * -1 / 1.3934592e+7 * (x - 3) * (x - 7) * (x - 11) * (x - 13) * (x - 17) * (x - 19) * (x - 23) * (x - 29) + (x - 2) / 1.01376e+7 * (x - 3) * (x - 5) * (x - 11) * (x - 13) * (x - 17) * (x - 19) * (x - 23) * (x - 29) + (x - 2) * -5 / 3.5831808e+7 * (x - 3) * (x - 5) * (x - 7) * (x - 13) * (x - 17) * (x - 19) * (x - 23) * (x - 29) + (x - 2) / 6.7584e+6 * (x - 3) * (x - 5) * (x - 7) * (x - 11) * (x - 17) * (x - 19) * (x - 23) * (x - 29) + (x - 2) * -1 / 1.24416e+7 * (x - 3) * (x - 5) * (x - 7) * (x - 11) * (x - 13) * (x - 19) * (x - 23) * (x - 29) + (x - 2) / 2.193408e+7 * (x - 3) * (x - 5) * (x - 7) * (x - 11) * (x - 13) * (x - 17) * (x - 23) * (x - 29) + (x - 2) * -1 / 2.322432e+8 * (x - 3) * (x - 5) * (x - 7) * (x - 11) * (x - 13) * (x - 17) * (x - 19) * (x - 29) + (x - 2) / 7.685922816e+9 * (x - 3) * (x - 5) * (x - 7) * (x - 11) * (x - 13) * (x - 17) * (x - 19) * (x - 23)for instance.
gollark: > Factorials can be defined with an integral, so you could theoretically add x! to your y?My thing can EVEN make a formula for prime numbers! Specifically a small set of ones you supply beforehand!
gollark: What's a smooth? What's a R^n? What's a limit epsilon something something?

See also
  • Chlorine-based bleach
  • Ozone

References
  1. Douglass F. Taber. "Oxidizing agents: Sodium perborate". Retrieved 2012-06-07.
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