Peptoid nanosheet

In nanobiotechnology, a peptoid nanosheet is a synthetic protein structure made from peptoids. Peptoid nanosheets have a thickness of about three nanometers and a length of up to 100 micrometers, meaning that they have a two-dimensional, flat shape that resembles paper on the nanoscale.[1]

Fluorescent microscopy image of peptoid nanosheets viewed using Nile Red dye.

This makes them one of the thinnest known two-dimensional organic crystalline materials with an area to thickness ratio of greater than 109 nm. Peptoid nanosheets were discovered in the laboratory of Dr. Ron Zuckermann at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory in 2010. Due to the ability to customize peptoids and therefore the properties of the peptoid nanosheet, it has possible applications in the areas of drug and small molecule delivery and biosensing.

Synthesis

For assembly, a purified amphiphilic polypeptoid of specific sequence is dissolved in aqueous solution.[2] These form a monolayer (Langmuir–Blodgett film) on the air-water interface with their hydrophobic side chains oriented in air and hydrophilic side chains in the water. When this mono-layer is shrunk, it buckles into a bilayer with the hydrophobic groups forming the interior core of the peptoid nanosheet.[3] This method has been standardized in the Zuckermann laboratory by repetitively tilting vials of peptoid solution at 85° before returning the vials to the upright position. This repetitive vial “rocking” motion lessens the interfacial area of the air-water interface inside the vial, compressing the peptoid mono-layer by a factor of four and causing the mono-layer to buckle into peptoid nanosheets. Using this method, nanosheets are produced in high yield, and 95% of the peptoid polymer starting material is efficiently converted into peptoid nanosheets after rocking the vials several hundred times.

Applications

Peptoid nanosheets have a very high surface area, which can be readily functionalized to serve as a platform for sensing and templating.[4] Also, their hydrophobic interiors can accommodate hydrophobic small molecule cargos, which have been demonstrated by the sequestration of Nile red when this dye was injected into an aqueous solution of the peptoid nanosheets.[5] For these reasons, the hydrophobic interior of the 2D nanosheets could be an attractive platform for loading or embedding hydrophobic cargo, such as drug molecules, fluorophores, aromatic compounds, and metal nanoparticles.

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gollark: The situation is also slightly worse than *that*. Now, there is an open source Play Services reimplementation called microG. You can install this if you're running a custom system image, and it pretends to be (via signature spoofing, a feature which the LineageOS team refuse to add because of entirely false "security" concerns, but which is widely available in some custom ROMs anyway) Google Play Services. Cool and good™, yes? But no, not really. Because if your bootloader is unlocked, a bunch of apps won't work for *other* stupid reasons!
gollark: If you do remove it, half your apps will break, because guess what, they depend on Google Play Services for some arbitrary feature.
gollark: It's also a several hundred megabyte blob with, if I remember right, *every permission*, running constantly with network access (for push notifications). You can't remove it without reflashing/root access, because it's part of the system image on most devices.
gollark: It is also worse than *that*. The core bits of Android, i.e. Linux, the basic Android frameworks, and a few built-in apps are open source. However, over time Google has moved increasing amounts of functionality into "Google Play Services". Unsurprisingly, this is *not* open source.

See also

References
  1. Nam, K.T., Shelby, S.A., Choi, P.H., Marciel, A.B., Chen, R., Tan, L., Chu, T.K., Mesch, R.A., Lee, B., Connolly, M.D., Kisielowski, C., Zuckermann, R.N. “Free-floating ultrathin two-dimensional crystals from sequence-specific peptoid polymers” Nat. Mater. 9(5), 464-460 (2010).
  2. Kudirka, R., Tran, H., Sanii, B., Nam, K.T., Choi, P.H., Venkateswaran, N., Chen, R., Whitelam, S., Zuckermann, R.N. “Folding of a single-chain, information-rich polypeptoid sequence into a highly ordered nanosheet” Pept. Sci. 96, 586-595 (2011).
  3. Sanii, B., Kudirka, R., Cho, A., Venkateswaran, N., Olivier, G.K., Olson, A.M., Tran, H., Harada, R.M., Tan, L., Zuckermann, R.N. “Shaken, not stirred: collapsing a peptoid monolayer to produce free-floating, stable nanosheets” J. Am. Chem. Soc. 133, 20808–20815 (2011).
  4. Olivier, G.K.; Cho, A.; Sanii, B.; Connolly, M.D.; Tran, H.; Zuckermann, R.N. "Antibody-mimetic peptoid nanosheets for molecular recognition" ACS Nano. 7, 9276-9386, (2013).
  5. Tran, H., Gael, S.L., Connolly, M.D., Zuckermann, R.N. “Solid-phase submonomer synthesis of peptoid polymers and their self-assemble into highly-ordered nanosheets” J. Vis. Exp. 57, e3373, (2011).
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